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A Text-Critical Look At 2 Samuel 23:1

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사무엘하 23:1 마소라 텍스트(MT)의 הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל (“높이 세워진 자”)이란 어려운 독법을 두고 주석가들은 종종 본문 수정을 시도해 왔다. 특히 사해 사본 4QSama의 발굴과 4QSama과 LXX 루시안(LXXL)의 유사성을 두고, 일군의 학자들은 4QSama 및 LXXL의 본문 הַגֶּבֶר הֵקִים אֵל (“하나님이 세우신 자”)이 원본에 더 가깝다고 주장하기도 한다. 하지만 본고에서는 MT 가 여전히 원본일 가능성이 높음을 세 가지 근거를 통해 제안한다. 첫째, MT 사무엘하 23:1의 수동태 구문(הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל)은 사무엘하 23:1-7과 유사한 다른 예언 본문에 일관되게 등장하기에(예, 민 24:3, 15; 잠 30:1), 원본일 가능성이 높다. 이런 점에서 4QSama과 LXXL의 능동태 구문(הַגֶּבֶר הֵקִים אֵל)은 히브리어 원본의 어려운 독법을 쉽게 하려는 후대 필사자/번역가의 수정을 반영한다고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 4QSama과 LXXL의 사무엘하 23:1에서의 일부 유사점은 동일한 상위 텍스트(Vorlage)가 존재하기 때문이라기보다는, 서로 다른 서기관의 번역적/필사적 특성이 우연히 일치했기 때문일 수 있다. 셋째, 4QSama가 MT의 עָל 대신 אֵל을 사용한 것은 다른 상위 텍스트(Vorlage)의 존재를 뜻하거나 MT의 오류를 의미하는 것이 아니라, 4QSama 필사자의 독특한 표현 스타일로 설명될 수 있다. 결론적으로 MT 사무엘하 23:1의 הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל이 우선시 되어야 한다.

Abstract

2 Samuel 23:1-7 contains an oracle of David. The difficult reading found in MT 2 Samuel 23:1 (הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל “the man raised up on high”) has often been subjected to emendation. Particularly with the discovery of 4QSama and its affinity with LXX Lucian, a number of commentators hold that 4QSama and LXX Lucian’s reading (הַגֶּבֶר הֵקִים אֵל “the man [whom] God has raised up”) preserves a better text. This article, however, suggests that the MT may be preferred as it might reflect a more archaic, pristine reading. There are three supporting arguments: First, the MT's passive construction is often attested in other oracle texts of the MT (e.g., Num 24:3, 15; Prov 30:1). On the contrary, the active construction found in the LXX Lucian and 4QSama may reflect a popularized revision of the Hebrew text. Second, some similarities between 4QSama and LXX Lucian of 2 Samuel 23:1 may not indicate a same parent text, but may be explained as a coincidental agreement of two distinct scribal/translatoral practices. Third, 4QSama’s use of אֵל over MT’s עָל in 2 Samuel 23:1 may not reflect textual difference (or MT’s error), but may be explained by 4QSama scribe’s unique stylistic preferences. Hence the difficult reading found in MT 2 Sam 23:1 (הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל) may be preferred.

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