Post-traumatic Stress and Post-Traumatic Growth in Undergraduate Students Who Indirectly Experienced Trauma
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Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify factors affecting post-traumatic growth in Korean undergraduate students who had experienced traumatic events during childhood. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed. The participants were 685 undergraduate students who had been directly or indirectly exposed to traumatic events during childhood. Participants completed measures of the Impact of Event Scale, the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory, the Self-Efficacy tool, Ego Resilience 89, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10, and the Social Support tool. Factors associated with post-traumatic growth were analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression. Results: The traumatic event with the highest post-traumatic stress score was “childhood abuse”, with a score of 45.93, and the second most traumatic event was “sexual harassment and sexual abuse”, with a score of 39.96. The analysis showed that type of trauma significantly influenced post-traumatic stress, PTS increased self-efficacy, resilience, and social support, and depression in undergraduate students indirectly exposed to trauma in childhood reduced post-traumatic growth. Conclusion: College students who experienced indirect childhood trauma were found to have higher levels of post-traumatic stress, resilience, self-efficacy, and social support. In addition, higher levels of post-traumatic growth were associated with lower levels of depression. Intervention programs tailored to the specific types and circumstances of traumatic events and the characteristics of participants are necessary to assist individuals with traumatic experiences to manage post-traumatic stress and achieve post-traumatic growth.
Abstract
Purpose: This study was undertaken to identify factors affecting post-traumatic growth in Korean undergraduate students who had experienced traumatic events during childhood. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed. The participants were 685 undergraduate students who had been directly or indirectly exposed to traumatic events during childhood. Participants completed measures of the Impact of Event Scale, the Post Traumatic Growth Inventory, the Self-Efficacy tool, Ego Resilience 89, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10, and the Social Support tool. Factors associated with post-traumatic growth were analyzed by hierarchical multiple regression. Results: The traumatic event with the highest post-traumatic stress score was “childhood abuse”, with a score of 45.93, and the second most traumatic event was “sexual harassment and sexual abuse”, with a score of 39.96. The analysis showed that type of trauma significantly influenced post-traumatic stress, PTS increased self-efficacy, resilience, and social support, and depression in undergraduate students indirectly exposed to trauma in childhood reduced post-traumatic growth. Conclusion: College students who experienced indirect childhood trauma were found to have higher levels of post-traumatic stress, resilience, self-efficacy, and social support. In addition, higher levels of post-traumatic growth were associated with lower levels of depression. Intervention programs tailored to the specific types and circumstances of traumatic events and the characteristics of participants are necessary to assist individuals with traumatic experiences to manage post-traumatic stress and achieve post-traumatic growth.
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