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금융불평등에 대한 실증 연구

Empirical Studies on Financial Inequality

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초록

본 연구는 2017년~2021년의 가계금융복지조사의 자료를 활용하여 우리나라의 금융불평등과 금융극화에 대해 다양한 모형으로 실증분석하였다. 상대적 지니계수 추정결과, 신용대출, 담보대출, 부채, 순자산, 자산, 경상소득 순서로 불평등하고, 신용대출, 담보대출, 부채의 지니계수는 매우 크게 나타나 불평등 정도가 심각하다. 지니계수 분해결과, 직업별로 불평등도에 차이가 있으며, 집단 내 불평등도보다 집단간 변수별 불평등도가 전체 변수별 불평등도에 미치는 영향이 크다. 일반화된 엔트로피지수 추정결과, 부채의 불평등도가 크고 경상소득에 대한 불평등도는 상대적으로 작다. 앳킨슨지수의 불평등도는 신용대출, 담보대출, 부채, 자산, 순자산, 경상소득 순으로 나타난다. 앳킨슨지수의 불평등도 분해결과, 전체불평등도에 신용대출과 담보대출이 불평등도를 증가시키고, 순자산과 경상소득은 불평등도를 완화시키고 있다. EGR 극화지수 추정결과, 양극화는 신용대출, 담보대출, 부채, 순자산, 자산, 경상소득 순서로 심하게 나타난다. DER 극화지수의 크기는 부채, 자산, 순자산, 경상소득 순서로 나타난다. 또한, 집단 내 요소보다 집단간 요소의 상대적 기여도가 훨씬 크다. 집단 간 극화의 기여도가 더 높은 것으로 나타나 직업별 소득이 극화되었다고 할 수 있다. Inaki 극화지수는 부채, 경상소득, 자산, 순자산 순서로 크며, 부채의 극화지수는 매우 크다. 다차원불평등도 추정 결과, 순자산, 부채, 담보대출, 신용대출, 경상소득의 기여도의 순서로 나타난다. 전체적으로 금리가 안정적인 시기에 금융불평등도는 증가하고 있으며 금융극화도 증가하고 있다. 이러한 금융불평등과 금융극화의 증가는 담보대출이나 신용대출과 같은 부채를 증가시키면 순자산의 불평등도를 유발하고, 자산의 불평등도를 가지고 온다.

Abstract

In this paper, we implement empirical analyses of financial inequality and polarization using various models and data from the Household Financial Welfare Survey from the year of 2017 to the year of 2021. As results of estimating the relative Gini coefficient, it shows that credit loan, mortgage loan, debt, net asset, asset, and current income. As results of the decomposition of Gini coefficients of subgroups, there are differences in inequality by occupation, and the inequality by variables among subgroups has greater effects on the inequality by variables than the inequality within subgroups. As results of the generalized entropy index estimation, inequality in debt is high and inequality in current income is relatively small. Inequality in the Atkinson index appears in the order of credit loan, mortgage loan, debt, asset, net wealth, and current income. As results of the inequality decomposition of the Atkinson index, credit loan and mortgage loan increase inequality in total inequality, while net asset and current income reduce inequality. As results of estimating the EGR polarization index, polarization appears severely in the order of credit loan, mortgage loan, debt, net asset, asset, and current income. The size of the DER polarization index appears in the order of debt, asset, net wealth, and current income. Also, the relative contribution of inter-group component is much greater than intra-group component. As the contribution of polarization inter-group is higher, it can be said that current income by occupation is polarized. The Inaki polarization index is large in the order of debt, current income, asset, and net asset, so the polarization index of debt is very large. As results of multidimensional inequality estimation, net asset, debt, mortgage loan, credit loan, and current income appear in the order of contribution. Overall, when interest rates are stable, financial inequality and polarization are increasing. This increase in financial inequality and polarization causes inequality in net asset when debt such as mortgage loan or credit loan increases, and finally brings inequality in asset.

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