The adoption of Western urban design theories in urban developments in Korea from the perspective of building-street relationship - Focusing on urban development cases in the Seoul metropolitan area -
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Western urban design theories have influenced the urbanization process in Korea, but the resultant urban spaces differ from western countries because of the eclectic adoption of the theories reflecting their own social contexts. This study aimed to determine how western theories have been adapted in Korea by reviewing the literature of western urban design theories and conducting case studies of Korean urban developments, focusing on the relationship between buildings and streets. The literature review to develop a theoretical framework for the case study deduced the following three approaches: 1) the aesthetic approach, considering buildings and streets as an inseparable element for the purpose of beautification and symbolization; 2) the modernist approach, suggesting the separation of buildings and streets for the purpose of mechanic efficiency; and 3) the communal approach, emphasizing the integration of buildings and streets for social functions. The case study on Korean urban developments in the Seoul metropolitan area revealed that the separation of buildings and streets dominated Korean urban spaces in the 1960s and 1970s when the modernist approach was preferred, and the integration of buildings and streets for social functions began in earnest in the 1990s, particularly in business districts. Such results can be interpreted as that Korean citizens have not had much experience on the street as a social space and therefore the design techniques integrating buildings and streets were mainly applied to the business districts where their economic benefits were clear. This study contributed to the development of the urban design theory in the Korean context by demonstrating the transitions occurred in the domestic adoption process of the Western urban theory. The future research will examine other urban development cases outside the Seoul metropolitan area to discuss the question of whether the results of this study could be generalized for other Korean urban developments.
Abstract
Western urban design theories have influenced the urbanization process in Korea, but the resultant urban spaces differ from western countries because of the eclectic adoption of the theories reflecting their own social contexts. This study aimed to determine how western theories have been adapted in Korea by reviewing the literature of western urban design theories and conducting case studies of Korean urban developments, focusing on the relationship between buildings and streets. The literature review to develop a theoretical framework for the case study deduced the following three approaches: 1) the aesthetic approach, considering buildings and streets as an inseparable element for the purpose of beautification and symbolization; 2) the modernist approach, suggesting the separation of buildings and streets for the purpose of mechanic efficiency; and 3) the communal approach, emphasizing the integration of buildings and streets for social functions. The case study on Korean urban developments in the Seoul metropolitan area revealed that the separation of buildings and streets dominated Korean urban spaces in the 1960s and 1970s when the modernist approach was preferred, and the integration of buildings and streets for social functions began in earnest in the 1990s, particularly in business districts. Such results can be interpreted as that Korean citizens have not had much experience on the street as a social space and therefore the design techniques integrating buildings and streets were mainly applied to the business districts where their economic benefits were clear. This study contributed to the development of the urban design theory in the Korean context by demonstrating the transitions occurred in the domestic adoption process of the Western urban theory. The future research will examine other urban development cases outside the Seoul metropolitan area to discuss the question of whether the results of this study could be generalized for other Korean urban developments.
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