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분쟁지역 환경협력의 유형과 안정적인 남북한 접경지대 환경협력을 위한 촉진요소 연구

Pathways of Cross-Border Environmental Cooperation and Foundations for Sustainable Inter-Korean Environmental Cooperation : A Case Study of Northern Ireland

황준서
통일평화연구원 (Institute for Peace and Unification Studies Seoul National University)|2019.12|통일과 평화 (Journal of Peace and Unification Studies)|제11권 제2호|pp. 447-486|DOI 10.35369/jpus.11.2.201912.447

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북아일랜드Northern Ireland접경지대 환경협력성 금요일 협정한반도 환경협력Cross-border Environmental CooperationGood Friday AgreementInter-Korean Environmental CooperationDe-militarised zone(DMZ)

초록

2018년 평양공동선언은 한반도 긴장을 개선하고, 비무장지대(DMZ)를 중심으로 접경지대 환경협력의 중요성을 확인했다. 그러나 접경지대 환경협력은 공동으로 직면한 환경문제를 해결하면서 신뢰를 구축하는 평화와 환경의 교차점이 될 수 있음에도 불구하고경제협력이나 문화협력 등 다른 협력 분야에 비해 상대적으로 학술적인 관심을 끌지 못했다. 따라서 본 연구는 분쟁지역 접경지대에서 어떠한 조건에 따라 환경협력이 안정적으로 유지될 수 있는지 살펴보았다. 분쟁지역 접경지대 환경협력은 갈등 수준과 환경협력의 적극성 여부에 따라 전환형, 완충형, 안정형으로 구분했고, 한반도는 낮은 갈등 수준에서 수동적인 환경협력이 진행 중인 완충형으로 파악했다. 본 연구는 적극적인 환경협력 관계를 구축하는 방법을 모색하기 위하여 전 세계에서 가장 모범적인 평화프로세스이행으로 알려진 북아일랜드와 아일랜드의 접경지대 환경협력 사례를 심층분석 하였다. 그 결과 제도적인 안전장치, 정치경제적 인센티브, 안정적인 재원 및 관계 유지, 독자적인 시민사회의 교류가 환경협력을 촉진하는 요소였다. 평화협정을 체결한 북아일랜드와 다르게 동결된 갈등상태를 유지하고 있는 한반도에서는 접경지대의 안전을 보장하는 동시에 환경협력을 추진하기 위한 제도적 안전장치와 상호이해관계를 반영한 정치경제적인센티브 확보가 가장 시급하다고 할 수 있다.

Abstract

The 2018 Pyongyang Joint Declaration was a watershed moment that could reroute the Korean Peninsula from frozen relationship to peaceful coexistence and concurrently, confirmed the importance of inter-Korean environmental cooperation. However, actual cooperation arrangements have not been developed as the inter-Korean relationship fell into stalemate again. This research investigated what guarantees the stability of border areas realising its full potential for cross-border environmental cooperation in post-conflict societies. First, three pathways of such cooperation were identified, and the inter-Korean cooperation was categorised under ‘buffer zone’ in which passive cooperation occurs in the low level of conflict. Against this backdrop, a case of Northern Ireland, which is well known for its successful peace process in the globe, was examined to understand what conditions contribute to forging robust and active cross-border environmental governance. Institutional guarantees, politico-economic incentives, secure financial resources, and self-standing cross-border cooperation between non-state networks emerged as facilitating conditions to environmental cooperation. Given that the post-war conflict still defines the atmosphere in the Korean Peninsula, unlike Northern Ireland, it was concluded that the inter-Korean environmental cooperation would be boosted by institutional guarantees that confirm the security of the inter-Korean border and the understanding of mutual interest in such environmental cooperation.

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