19세기 미국의 나병과 이민자: 미국 중서부의 노르웨이 이민자와 나병 경험
Leprosy and Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America: Norwegian Immigrants in the American Midwest and Their Leprosy Experiences
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본 글은 19세기 미국에서 나병이 인식된 과정을 통해 나병의 역사와 미국의 인종 관계를 살펴보는 연구이다. 나병의 스티그마가 백인 유럽인에서 비백인 이민자로 옮겨 간 역사는 스칸디나비아 출신, 특히 노르웨이 이민자가 미국 사회의 일원으로 동화된 과정과 평행선을 이루었다. 당시 미국 사회에서는 북유럽의 백인이라도 앵글로 색슨과 동일한 지위를 쉽게 얻을 수 없었으며, 질병을 옮기는 외부인으로서 정부의 통제와 감시의 대상이 되었다. 그러나 스칸디나비아 출신 이민자가 미국 사회의 일원으로 동화되고, 다른 이민자 집단의 나병이 부각되면서 나병의 스티그마는 점차 비백인 타자로 옮겨갔다. 물론 이 연구를 통해 노르웨이를 비롯한 스칸디나비아 이민자의 고통을 확대 해석하거나, 이들의 배척의 역사가 여타 비백인 이민자나 소수 집단이 겪은 고난에 비견될 수 있다고 주장하려는 것은 아니다. 본 글에서는 19세기 중후반 미국 사회에서 나병에 대한 인식이 어떻게 발전했으며, 노르웨이 이민자와 나병이 어떤 식으로 논의되었는지, 그리고 나병의 통제가 어떻게 미국의 인종 관계를 반영하고 공중보건 법규와 정책 수행에 영향을 미쳤는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 19세기 중반 미국에 도착한 노르웨이 이민자에 초점을 맞춰 이민사의 범위를 확장하는 한편, 당시 미국 사회의 이민자에 대한 이해와 이민자의 동화 과정을 재고하는 기회로 삼는다.
Abstract
This study discusses the history of leprosy and American race relations by examining the ways in which leprosy of Scandinavian immigrants, Norwegians in particular, was recognized and understood in the nineteenth-century United States. It argues that the process by which Norwegian immigrants came to shed the stigma of leprosy went hand in hand with their eventual assimilation and acquisition of American identity and the alleged rise of leprosy cases among other immigrant groups. Of course, this study has no intention of exaggerating the pain and suffering of Norwegian immigrants as they encountered leprosy and its stigma or arguing that the history of exclusion against them was comparable to the reality of discrimination experienced by other non-white, non-European immigrants in the U.S. What this study attempts to do is to understand the changing American attitudes toward leprosy throughout the nineteenth century, investigate the discourse of leprosy among Scandinavian, in particular Norwegian immigrants, and examine the ways in which the disease reflected the American racial relations and influenced American immigration and public health policies. In addition, by focusing on Norwegian immigrants in the American Midwest, it expands the temporal and spatial scope of the U.S. immigration history and reexamines the process of assimilation for immigrants.
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