“재건의 실패?: 링컨의 암살과 재건의 전복”
A Failure of Reconstruction?: Abraham Lincoln’s Assassination and the Overthrow of Reconstruction
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본 연구는 미국 내전(the Civil War) 시기 에이브러햄 링컨(Abraham Lincoln) 대통령의 재건정책을 새로운 시각에서 바라보면서 이것이 미국 내전의 본질 변화와 재건에 미친 영향을 검토해 본다. 미국사학계에서 링컨의 역사적 역할은 일반적으로 미국 내전과 노예해방선언에 제한되어 평가되고 있을 뿐 재건과 관련해서는 정당한 평가가 이루어지고 있지 못하다. 그 이유는 우선 링컨이 1865년 남부연합의 항복을 받아낸 직후 암살당한다는 사실이다. 링컨의 죽음은 종전(終戰)과 함께 시작될 남부 재건이라는 과업을 수행하기 위한 역사적 무대에서 링컨을 강제로 끌어내려 버렸다. 두 번째 요인은 전통적인 역사서술에서 미국 내전과 재건이 분리된 별개의 두 시기로서 간주된다는 것이다. 세 번째로 지적해야 할 것은 전통적으로 역사가들이 링컨의 재건정책을 좁고 제한적으로 규정할 뿐만 아니라 “의회 재건“(Congressional Reconstruction)”만을 강조함으로써 재건에서 링컨의 역할을 축소시키고 심지어는 왜곡하고 있다는 점이다. 따라서 본 연구논문은 ‘실패한’ 재건이라는 무비판적인 전통적 역사서술을 극복하고자 하는 의도에서 미국 내전과 재건 사이의 단절을 상징하는 링컨의 죽음이 갖는 의미를 새롭게 고찰해 보는 것은 물론, 보수적이거나 심지어는 퇴행적이라고 인식되는 링컨의 재건정책에 대한 재평가를 통해 미국 내전의 혁명적 본질을 면밀히 되짚어보고 재건을 내전의 연속선상에 재배치해 재건의 의미 또한 새롭게 규정해 본다.
Abstract
This work aims to shed new light on Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction policy, examining its impact on the change of essential meaning of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Generally, Lincoln’s historical role has been underestimated, and even ignored, in regard to the Reconstruction, only being assessed highly in relation to the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. There are several reasons for it. First of all, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865 just five days after the main field army of the Southern Confederacy had surrendered at Appomattox and, as a result, it was considered that he had nothing to do with the Reconstruction. Secondly, it is the general assumption that the Civil War and the Reconstruction were totally separate chronologically. Thirdly, many historians have regarded Lincoln’s Reconstruction policy as too lenient or conservative. However, his Reconstruction plans had already deep impact on the path of the radical Reconstruction, beyond the Civil War. In short, his presidential Reconstruction was not so lenient and rather radical enough, even considering only the ten-percent plan. In this regard, this work centers on the “overthrow” of the Reconstruction by Southern counter-revolutionaries, not on the “failure” of the Reconstruction.
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