본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

하르키(Harkis) 문제: 사라진 증언들

The Harki Question: Non-existence of their Testimony

노서경
이주사학회 (Korean Society for Migration History)|2010.06|호모미그란스-이주, 식민주의, 인종주의 (Homo Migrans-Migration, Colonialism, Racism)|제2권 |pp. 23-50

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

고문Torture하르키알제리 민족해방전쟁식민체제프랑스 경찰HarkiAlgerian National Liberation WarColonial SystemFrench Police

초록

The apparition of harkis in the Algerian battlefield was not new, unexpected when the Algerian National Liberation War esca - lated gradually after 1957 with the breakout of the guerilla warfare in Alger. In fact, every colonial conquest was accomplished by the military oppression and France was a great power of the posses - sion of colonies. All her military operation required the use of na - tive peoples who are acquainted with the strategical or logistic, above all the neighbours. The employments of harkis by the French military as well as French metropolitan police as supplementary force during the Algerian War pose an complicated tragedy to both parties of the same people. It was evident that the harkis only executed the or - ders of colonial forces, but the methods were physical, psychologi - cal violence and tortures. They had been condemned to be traitors by the FLN(Front de la Libération Nationale) as well as by the common people whose suffering was not surmountable under the French colonial governance. Following the Independence in July of 1962, it was the turn of harkis who had been massacred here and there in Algeria in atrocious manner. It is doubtful that exact legal documents or apologies of harkis were written on that process. Because such vicious circle was repeated through the ex - pansion of colonialism, it is not reasonable to just take part in jus - tification of such violences. It could not be interpreted as neutral, irresponsible attitude. What was needed was the testimony of the harkis themselves. Historical curiosity about their feeling in the course of tormented investigations against the same national faces remains.

Abstract

The apparition of harkis in the Algerian battlefield was not new, unexpected when the Algerian National Liberation War esca - lated gradually after 1957 with the breakout of the guerilla warfare in Alger. In fact, every colonial conquest was accomplished by the military oppression and France was a great power of the posses - sion of colonies. All her military operation required the use of na - tive peoples who are acquainted with the strategical or logistic, above all the neighbours. The employments of harkis by the French military as well as French metropolitan police as supplementary force during the Algerian War pose an complicated tragedy to both parties of the same people. It was evident that the harkis only executed the or - ders of colonial forces, but the methods were physical, psychologi - cal violence and tortures. They had been condemned to be traitors by the FLN(Front de la Libération Nationale) as well as by the common people whose suffering was not surmountable under the French colonial governance. Following the Independence in July of 1962, it was the turn of harkis who had been massacred here and there in Algeria in atrocious manner. It is doubtful that exact legal documents or apologies of harkis were written on that process. Because such vicious circle was repeated through the ex - pansion of colonialism, it is not reasonable to just take part in jus - tification of such violences. It could not be interpreted as neutral, irresponsible attitude. What was needed was the testimony of the harkis themselves. Historical curiosity about their feeling in the course of tormented investigations against the same national faces remains.

참고문헌 (70)

  1. Mahfoud Kaddache, "Histoire du nationalisme algérien" (1980), SNED
  2. Jean-Charles Jauffret, "Militaires et guerilla dans la guerre d’Algérie" (2001), Éditions Complexe
  3. Patrick Rotman, "L’ Ennemi intime" (2002), Seuil
  4. Gilbert Meynier, "Histoire intérieure du FLN 1954-1962" (2002), Fayard
  5. Mohammed Harbi, "Meynier, Le FLN Documents et histoire 1954-1962" (2004), Fayard
  6. Hartmut Elsenhans, "La Guerre d’Algérie, 1954-1962 : la transition d’une France à une autre : le passage de la IVe à la Ve République, traduit" (1999), Publisud
  7. "A Savage War of Peace, Algeria 1954-1962" (1996), New York Review of Books
  8. Susan Ireland, "Facing the Ghosts of the Past in Dalila Kerchouche’s Mon père, ce harki and Zahia Rahmani’s Moze", Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, 13(3), pp.303~304 (2009)
  9. Fatima Besnaci-Lancou, "Les Harkis dans la colonisation et ses suites" (2008), Éditions Atelier
  10. Mohand Hamoumou, "Et ils sont devenus harkis" (1991), Fayard
  11. Tom Charbit, "Les Harkis" (2005), La Découverte
  12. 이영목, "정체성, 기억, 역사 : 아르키와 그 자녀들의 경우", 불어불문학연구, (66), pp.303~324 (2006), 한국불어불문학회
  13. Hadjila Kemoum, "Mohand Le Harki" (2003), Editions Anne Carrière
  14. Dalila Kerchouche, "Mon père, ce harki" (2003), Seuil
  15. "Leila" (2006), Seuil
  16. Fatima Besnaci-Lancou, "Fille de harki" (2003), Editions de l’Atelier
  17. Béatrice Fleury-Vilatte, "La mémoire télévisuelle de la guerre d’Algérie, 1962-1992" (2001), L’Harmattan
  18. Michel Roux, "Les harkis, ou, les oubliés de l’histoire" (1991), La Découverte
  19. "Les enfants des Harkis: Entre silence et assimilation subie de Saliha Telali" (2009), L’Harmattan
  20. Manceron, "Mariane et les colonies" (2003), La Découverte
  21. "Femme de rif et de nif (par B. Ziane)", Révolution Africaine, 10 novembre, ~ (1989)
  22. Madeleine Dobie, "French Civilization and Its Discontents: Nationalism, Colonialism, Race", The Romanic Review, 95 (2004)
  23. Brendan O’leary, "On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner’s Writings on Nationalism", British Journal of Political Science, 27(2), pp.191~222 (1997)
  24. Abd-El-Aziz Meliani, "Le drame des harkis" (2001), Perrin
  25. Nym Wales, "Rebel Korea", Pacific Affairs, 15(1), pp.27~ (1942)
  26. Maurice Faivre, "Les combattants musulmans de la guerre d’Algérie" (1995), L’Harmattan
  27. Rachid Ouaïssa, "Les carnets de Harmut Elsenhans" (2009), Casbah Editions
  28. Badra Lahouel, "La résistance algérienne 1830-1962" (2005), Dar El Gharb
  29. Mohammed Chfik Mesbah, "Contribution à l’histoire du mouvement national algérien des projets partisans au projet de renaissance nationale(1900-1954), Mémoire pour le diplôme d’études supérieures de science politique", L’Université de droit, 65~ (1974)
  30. Christian Sicard, "La Kabylie en feu Algérie 1871" (1998), Editions Georges SUD
  31. Claude Collot, "Les institutions de l‘Algérie durant la période coloniale, 1830-1962", pp.1987, Éditions du CNRS
  32. Belcham Recham, "Les musulmans algériens dans l’armée française (1919-1945)", pp.17~24 (1996), L’Harmattan
  33. Jacques Frémeaux, "Les colonies dans la Grande Guerre, Combats et épreuves d’outre-mer" (2006), Editions
  34. Moshe Gershovich, "French Military Rule in Morocco", pp.167~205 (2000), Frank Cass
  35. Ferhat Abbas, "De la Colonie vers la Province. Le jeune Algérien(1930)" (1981), Éditions Garnier Frères
  36. Christine Levisse-Touzé, "L’Afrique du Nord dans la guerre, 1939-1945" (1998), Albin Michel
  37. 이용우, "프랑스의 과거청산" (2007), 역사비평
  38. Philippe Bourdrel, "Le Livre noir de la guerre d’Algérie, Français et Algériens 1945-1962", pp.53~62 (2003), Plon
  39. Frantz Fanon, "L’an V de la révolution algérienne" (2001), La Découverte
  40. 노서경, "알제리 민족운동과 정치문화의 전이－페르하트 압베스(1927~1954)", 불어문화권연구, (18), pp.42~78 (2008), 불어문화권연구소
  41. Collot, Henry, "Le mouvement national algérien, Textes 1912-1954", pp.1978, L’Harmattan
  42. Brahim Sadouni, "Destin de harki, Le témoignage d’un jeune berbère, enrôlé dans l’armée française à 17 ans", pp.65~ (2001), Cosmopole
  43. Kenneth P. Perkins, "Pressure and Persuasion in the Policies of the French Military in Colonial North Africa", Military Affairs, 40(2), pp.74~78 (1976)
  44. Charles-Robert Ageron, "Les supplétifs algériens dans l’armée française pendant la guerre d’Algérie", Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, (48), pp.3~20 (1995)
  45. Brahim Sadouni, "Destin de harki ; Saïd Ferdi, Un enfant dans la guerre" (1981), Seuil
  46. J.-J. Jordi, "Khelifa Haroud, harki, 1957-1967", Des hommes et des femmes en guerre d’Algérie, dirigé par Jean-Charles Jauffret, Autrement, ~ (2003)
  47. "Journées d’Études des Secrétariat Sociaux d’Algérie (Alger, 1954, 27, 28, 29, 30 mai), La lutte des Algériens contre la faim, Compte rendu", Éditions du Secrétariat Social d’Alger, ~ (1955)
  48. Zahir Ihaddaden, "Ageron, La guerre d’Algérie et les Algériens 1954-1962" (1997), A. Colin
  49. "La révolution algérienne par les textes documents du F.L.N. présentés par André Mandouze", pp.58~60 (1962), Maspero
  50. Omar Carlier, "Socialisation politique et acculturation à la modernité. Le Cas du nationalisme algérien(De l’Étoile-Africaine au Front de Libération Nationale, 1926-1954", Doctorat, pp.1994
  51. SAINA: Service d’assistance aux indigènes nord-africains, "Linda Amiri, La Bataille de France, La guerre d’Algérie en France" (2005), Chihab Editions
  52. Jacques Jurquet, "Mouvements communiste et nationaliste en Algérie, Chronologie commentée 1920-1962" (1982), Presses d’aujourd’hui
  53. Jacques Charbi, "Les porteurs d’espoir" (2004), La Découverte
  54. Guy Pervillé, "Atlas de la guerre d’Algérie" (2003), Autrement
  55. Omar Boudaoud, "Du PPA au FLN, mémoires d’un combattant" (2007), Casbah Editions
  56. Linda Amiri, "La guerre d’Algérie 1954-2004", pp.403~416 (2004), Robert Laffont
  57. "일간지 L’Echo d’Alger", ~ (1958)
  58. Mohammed Harbi, "Une vie debout, Mémoires politiques t. 1. 1945-1962", pp.218~223 (2001), La Découverte
  59. Gallissot, "La guerre d’Algérie: la fin des secrets et le secret d’une guerre doublement nationale", Le Mouvement social, (138), pp.80~ (1987)
  60. Gisèle Halimi, "Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha", pp.1~ (1962), Gallimard
  61. Rémy Valat, "Les calots bleus de la bataille de Paris. Une force de police auxilaire pendant la guerre d’ Algérie" (2007), Michalon
  62. Paulette Péju, "Ratonnades à Paris précédé de Les harkis à Paris" (2000), La Découverte
  63. "Jean-Luc Einaudi, La Bataille de Paris 17 octobre 1961", pp.308~309 (1991), Seuil
  64. Claude Liauzu, "Histoire de l’anticolonialisme en France", pp.220~ (2007), A. Colin
  65. Jean Lacouture, "Algérie 1962, la guerre est finie", pp.172~ (2002), Editions Complexe
  66. Ageron, "Le “Drame des harkis”: Mémoire ou histoire?", Vingtième Siècle Revue d’histoire, (68), pp.3~4 (2000)
  67. Faivre, "Les archives inédites de la politique algérienne: 1958-1962, “Collection Histoire et perspectives méditerranéennes”" (2000), L’Harmattan
  68. François-Xavier Hautreux, "L’engagement des harkis (1954-1962). Essai de périodisation, Vingtième Siècle", Revue d’histoire, (90), pp.33~45 (1962)
  69. Driss Maghraoui, "Moroccan Colonial Soldiers: Between Selective Memory and Collective Memory", Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ), 20 (1998)
  70. Thénault, Branche, "Justice, politique et République", pp.243~260 (2002), Éditions Complexe

관련 논문AI추천

알제리 전쟁 이후 아르키(Harki)의 프랑스 이주 -프랑스의 모국송환자(rapatrié) 정책과 아르키-문종현이주사학회 · 호모미그란스-이주, 식민주의, 인종주의2020 · 제23권 알제리 전쟁 후 포스트 식민 도정의 프랑스노서경불어문화권연구소 · 불어문화권연구2018 · 제28호프랑스 - 알제리 관계 : 과거사를 둘러싼 갈등을 중심으로김태수프랑스학회 · 프랑스학연구2016 · 제75호The status of pro-French Algerians in the society of France양미애한국아랍어아랍문학회 · 아랍어와 아랍문학2008 · 제12권 제2호프랑스 공화국은 ‘알제 전투(bataille d'Alger)’에서 운명을 다했는가?이재원수선사학회 · 사림2015 · 제54호알제리 독립 전쟁 당시 알제리 여성과 저항의 메커니즘임기대지중해지역원 · 아프리카학연구2022 · 제2권 제1호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)

이라크 전쟁 이후의 쿠르드족의 지위변화 고찰: 이라크의 대 쿠르드족 정책을 중심으로남옥정pp. 2-21티베트 해외 이주민 사회의 형성과 정체성 인식박장배pp. 51-78일본제국의 붕괴와 한일 양 지역의 전후 인구이동: 양 국민의 귀환과 정착과정 비교이연식pp. 79-115한국 화교의 공간인식과 이주성(移住性): 조상숭배관념과 자녀교육을 중심으로이창호pp. 115-136
원문 보기