중국 고등교육의 국제화
The Internationalization of Higher Education in China
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초록
중국의 고등교육은 1980년대 이후 세계 어느 국가보다 급속한 국제화 과정을 보여주고 있다. 중국 고등교육의 국제화 현상에는 중국의 해외유학생 수가 세계 어느 국가보다도 높은 증가율을 나타내고 있다는 사실도 포함된다. 최근 5년여 기간 동안에는 외국대학이 중국대학과 제휴한 중외합작대학의 설립이 확산되고 있다. 중외합작대학 설립은 지속적으로 증가하는 유학생 유출에 제동을 걸 필요성을 인식한 중국 중앙 및 지방정부조직, 그리고 고등교육기관의 공동대책으로 해석할 수 있다. 중국 중앙정부는 세계무대에서 중국의 위상을 제고하고 중국의 소프트파워를 증진시키기 위한 정책의 일환으로 세계의 유수대학에 공자학원을 설립하여 중국어교육과 중국문화보급 사업에 막대한 재정적 지원을 해오고 있다. 이 논문의 목적은 이러한 중국고등교육의 국제화 현상의 전개과정을 살펴보고, 이 과정에서 나타난 문제점들에 대하여 논의하는 것이다.
Abstract
Since the liberalization on international migration of students by the Chinese government in the 1980s the volume of outflows increased sharply. For example, the number of outbound students from China to the other countries increased from 118,515 in 2005 to 339,700 in 2011. The United States has been the top destination of the international migration of Chinese students and the number of Chinese students studying in the United States increased from 33,537 in 1994/1995 to 155,558 in 2010/2011, comprising nearly 22% of the total number of international students in the United States in 2011. It has been estimated that more than two million Chinese students went abroad for their undergraduate and graduate studies over the past thirty years. The number of international students studying in China has also increased in the recent years and the estimated total number of international students as of 2011 was 292,611. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the patterns of international migration of student population to and from China. I will examine the current conditions of the international branch campuses of the American and British universities in China. In addition, I will discuss the implications of the rapid expansion of the Confucius Institute at the major universities in the United States that have been financed by the government of China.
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