근대 사회의 공리주의적 행복 논리 비판
A Critique of the Utilitarian Logic of Happiness in Modern Society
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근대가 추구하는 행복은 ‘자유로운 욕구충족’이다. 이는 근대 사회와 인간에 깊은 영향을 끼친 근대의 중심적인 행복 논리로서 물질적 삶의 보장과 정치적 자유라는 비전으로 구체적인 모습을 드러냈다. 근대가 기획한 행복 프로젝트의 이 같은 두 측면은 흔히 ‘자기보존’과 ‘자기결정’이라는 이원론적 범주에 의해 이해되기도 한다. 이러한 의미에서의 행복은 좋건 싫건 근대의 성과로 널리 인정되고 있다. 그러나 근대인은 오늘날 자기보존을 위한 욕구충족의 행복에 만족하지 못하고 있으며, 행복은 근대인의 자유로운 자기결정에 저항하고 있다. 자기보존과 자기결정이라는 연합 전선에 의한 근대의 행복 공략은 그 시너지 효과에도 불구하고, 아니면 바로 그 시너지 효과 때문에 고전을 면치 못하고 있다. 근대 사회는 그러한 공리주의적 행복 모델의 폐쇄성과 서로 반목하여 적잖은 상처를 입었고, 근대인은 ‘자유로운 욕구충족’이라는 행복의 과일을 베어 물고 알레르기 반응을 나타냈다. 따라서 근대가 겪고 있는 그 같은 어려움에 시달리기만 하기보다는 그 근원을 규명해서 극복할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 무엇보다도 근대의 행복 공략 수단으로서 근대인의 삶을 포위하고 있는 ‘자기보존’과 ‘자기결정’의 공리주의적 논리에 내재한 가능성과 아울러 한계를 분석해야 한다. ‘자유로운 욕구충족’에 의해 추구되는 행복의 한계를 드러낸다는 것은 이에 근거한 근대와는 다른 근대의 가능성을 시사한다. 그러나 이는 자기보존과 자기결정이 공동으로 형성하고 있는 포위망을 뚫고 벗어나려는 시도가 아니다. 그것은 이미 근대인의 필수불가결한 존재기반이기 때문에, 그는 자신의 존재 자체를 잃을 각오를 하지 않고서는 거기를 떠날 수 없다. 여기서는 다만 그 포위망의 틈새를 열어젖히고서 다소 불만과 저항감에 차있는 근대인의 숨통을 잠시 트이게 하고자 할 뿐이다. 행복은 인간의 자유의지대로 처분할 수 없는 특성도 지니고 있으며, 때문에 이른바 인간의 모든 욕구가 충족된다고 하는 역사의 종점에서 찾아야 할 황금의 광맥과 같은 것이라기보다는 역사와 삶의 한가운데서 발견할 수 있는 사금과 같은 것이겠다는 지적이 바로 그것이다.
Abstract
Happiness pursued in modern society is ‘free satisfaction of needs’, which has been embodied into the security of material life and political freedom and has exerted a profound effect on modern human life. These two aspects of modern happiness are often understood as dualistic category of self-maintenance and self-determination. Happiness in this sense is, whether one likes it or not, being acknowledged as an achievement of modern world. However, nowadays modern human beings are not content with satisfaction of needs for self-maintenance, and happiness resists against free determination of modern human beings. Forming a united front against happiness, self-determination and self-maintenance have tried to conquer the modern happiness, but they suffer from attaining it in spite of or because of a synergy effect of both parties. Modern society has got injured not a little in discordance with that utilitarian closed model of happiness, and modern human beings have shown allergic response to the fruit of happiness called ‘free satisfaction of needs’. Therefore, it would be better to find out and get over such difficulties that have bothered modern society and human beings rather than to suffer from them. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze the potentiality and the limitation of the logic of self-maintenance and self-determination as a capture tool of modern happiness that lay siege to modern life. To expose the limit of happiness pursued by ‘free satisfaction of needs’ implies to show the possibility of another modernity different from current modernity based on that happiness. But it does not mean an attempt to break through and break away the siege that self-maintenance and self-determination jointly lay to modern society. Since these two elements are now the indispensible basis of existence of modern human beings, they are not able to break off it without getting ready for the loss of their existence itself. This paper aims not at getting into a comprehensive argument on happiness, but merely at making some disclosure of the modern utilitarian logic of happiness and thereby helping ease modern human beings that are besieged by it and more or less full of dissatisfaction and resistance. It indicates that happiness has also properties that do not conform to the human free will. Thus, happiness is not like a rich vein of gold that should be found at the so-called end of history where all of the human needs could be satisfied, but like gold dust that can be found amidst of history and life.
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