불트만의 신학 방법론 ― 하이데거와의 관계를 중심으로

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the methodology of Rudolf Bultmann’s theology in relation to Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. In this article, I will argue that Bultmann uses Heidegger’s philosophy for the analysis of human existence, but is not dependent on or subject to his philosophy. With this view, I will examine in terms of methodology the characteristics of Bultmann’s theology which is distinguished from Heidegger’s philosophy as well as the influence of Heidegger’s philosophy on Bultmann’s theology. First, the main contents of Heidegger philosophy are outlined. And the relationship between the theology of Bultmann and the philosophy of Heidegger is investigated. Then we analyze Bultmann’s theological methodology. Finally, his theological methodology is evaluated. The evaluation of Bultmann’s theological methodology is summarized in two ways. First, Bultmann on the one hand presupposes a particular philosophical (dualistic) world view not derived from faith, and on the other hand rejects the natural theology which recognizes the inevitability of a conceptual premise and claims to support pure revelatory theology. The philosophical thought that the world is closed to God and that faith has nothing to do with the objective world view has a very important function of preunderstanding in the Bultmann’s theological methodology, which betrays that he depends on the method of natural theology just which he rejects. Second, Bultmann presupposes as a self-evident axiom the modern dualist world view in which the objective world is closed to transcendent God’s actions. In today’s postmodern scientific world view, however, the concept of the universal spirit or the transcendent participating in and interacting with the process of this world can be understood as a philosophical concept with intelligibility. This concept can resonate with the concept of God in the Bible, who dynamically participates in human and world history and leads its history in mutual relations.