칼빈의 중세 로마 가톨릭교회의 7성례에 대한 비판
Calvin’s Criticism on Seven Sacraments of Roman Catholic Church
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상호 만남을 필요로 하든지 필요로 하지 않든지 간에 프로테스탄트 진영 교회에 있는 우리에게 선행되어야 중요한 사항은 16세기 당시 종 교개혁자들이 가지고 있던 로마 가톨릭에 대한 분명한 신학적인 차이 점을 정확하게 객관적으로 파악하는 것이다. 그리고 한 걸음 더 나아가 서 지금도 프로테스탄트 교회 진영과 로마 가톨릭교회는16세기에 주 장되었던 신학적 관점을 그대로 보전하고 있는지에 대한 객관적 분석 이 뒤 따라야할 것이다. 만약 우리가 이 두 가지 문제에 대한 객관적 분석 작업 없이 상호 만남에 대한 일방적인 거부나 일방적인 찬성의 행위는 더 큰 문제를 불러일으킬 것이다. 이 두 가지 문제를 깊이 의식 하면서 필자는 1 6세기 당시 개혁파 종교개혁자 칼빈(Jean Calvin, 1509-1564)의 로마 가톨릭교회의 성례전에 대한 비판적 내용에 대해 주로『기독교 강요』(1559) 최종판을 중심으로 분석함으로써, 국내 일부 에서 일어나고 있는 프로테스탄트 교회 진영과 로마 가톨릭교회 사이 의 성급한 만남과 접촉을 우려하면서 충분한 준비 작업에 대한 작은 실마리를 제공하고자 한다.
Abstract
This thesis treats of John Calvin’s criticism on seven sacraments of Roman Catholic Church according to his Institutes of Christian Religion(1559). For this reformed reformer his thought on the sacraments begins to develop when he comes into conflict with his opponents: against the Anabaptists, the Lutheran Westphal, and Roman Catholic Church. When at the coming of Jesus Christ, the sacraments of the Jews in the Old Testament were abrogated, two sacraments were instituted which the Christian church now uses, Baptism and the Lord’s Supper. According to Calvin, we have in this sacraments another aid to our faith related to the preaching of the gospel. To these two sacraments Roman Catholic Church has added five more, so that she now lists them as: (1) baptism, (2) confirmation, (3) eucharist(mass), (4) penance, (5) extreme unction, (6) marriage, and (7) orders (ordination of priests and consecration of nuns). According to Calvin, Roman Catholic Church can give no proof for the additional five sacraments, except that tradition holds them to be such. In the so-called sacrament of confirmation the bishop lays his hands on the head of a person who previously has been baptized, for the purpose of conveying to him the Holy Spirit. But no apostle or minister in the apostolic church performed that rite, and no man on earth has the Holy Spirit at his command. For Roman Catholic Church the mass is not only a sacrament, but also a sacrifice. It is even first of all a sacrifice. It is the unbloody renewal of sacrifice of the cross. Penance is a sacrament in which the sins committed after baptism are forgiven by means of the absolution of the priest. Extreme unction can be described as the anointing by the priest of those in danger of death by sickness, with holy oil, accompanied with a special prayer. According to Calvin, the ordination of church officials was appointed by Christ, but not the specific orders adopted by Roman Catholic Churchpriests, bishops, arch-bishops, cardinals, and popes. According to Calvin, Matrimony, too, is a divine ordinance, but it was given no outwardly prescribed sign. Roman Catholic Church admits her uncertainty about the time of its appointments as a sacrament.