백신과 DDT: 1940년대 후반 일본과 한국의 발진티푸스 방역
Vaccine and DDT: Typhus Prevention in Japan and Korea in the Late 1940s
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With the exception of a few studies on the use of DDT, the typhus epidemic in East Asia prior to the Korean War has received little scholarly attention. Although vaccines also played an important role in the prevention and control of typhus, studies on vaccine development and use in the twentieth century have largely neglected this disease. Thus, this essay examines Western typhus control measures in the first half of the twentieth century and their subsequent introduction and implementation by the U.S. military in Japan and Korea after World War II. The account presented here does not diverge significantly from the conventional narrative of typhus history, which generally focuses on the efficacy of specific interventions, such as vaccines and insecticides. Instead of repeating the DDT-centered narrative, however, this essay emphasizes the interplay among a range of technologies and circumstances in achieving control. The results indicate that the U.S. military’s postwar efforts to control typhus in Japan and Korea were unsuccessful due to the hasty and temporary implementation of preventive measures, including DDT spraying and vaccine production, transport, and administration, without thorough evaluation or long-term planning. The legacy of colonialism and the challenges of the post-war period often hampered the production and distribution of these interventions. Nevertheless, the historical analysis of typhus prevention in post-World War II Japan and Korea reveals the role of biomedicine as a strategy for disease control under the U.S. military occupation.
Abstract
With the exception of a few studies on the use of DDT, the typhus epidemic in East Asia prior to the Korean War has received little scholarly attention. Although vaccines also played an important role in the prevention and control of typhus, studies on vaccine development and use in the twentieth century have largely neglected this disease. Thus, this essay examines Western typhus control measures in the first half of the twentieth century and their subsequent introduction and implementation by the U.S. military in Japan and Korea after World War II. The account presented here does not diverge significantly from the conventional narrative of typhus history, which generally focuses on the efficacy of specific interventions, such as vaccines and insecticides. Instead of repeating the DDT-centered narrative, however, this essay emphasizes the interplay among a range of technologies and circumstances in achieving control. The results indicate that the U.S. military’s postwar efforts to control typhus in Japan and Korea were unsuccessful due to the hasty and temporary implementation of preventive measures, including DDT spraying and vaccine production, transport, and administration, without thorough evaluation or long-term planning. The legacy of colonialism and the challenges of the post-war period often hampered the production and distribution of these interventions. Nevertheless, the historical analysis of typhus prevention in post-World War II Japan and Korea reveals the role of biomedicine as a strategy for disease control under the U.S. military occupation.
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