조선 후기 우두법 수용의 새로운 이해

Abstract

In the first half of the nineteenth century, when the Jennerian vaccination was introduced to Joseon and cowpox inoculation was carried out, Lee Gyu-gyeong (李圭景) described these events in detail in his Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango (五洲衍文長箋散稿). In 1835, Lee Gyu-gyeong heard that Jeong Yak-yong (丁若鏞) possessed the Jennerian vaccination book Gibang (奇方) and that he had hidden and not shown Mobang (某方), which he determined to be Uyujongdubang (牛乳種痘方). Previous studies have revealed that Gibang is the original source of Jeong Yak-yong’s Sinjeung-jongdugibeop-sangsil (新證種痘奇法詳悉), which is Yeonggilliguk-sinchul-jongdugiseo (𠸄咭唎國新出種痘奇書). However, it was thought that Gibang, Mobang, and Wooyujongdubang were all the same book, but Wooyujongdubang, whose true nature can be grasped to some extent, has different characteristics from Yeonggilliguk-sinchu-ljongdugiseo. Rather, it is very similar to Induryak (引痘略) in terms of the vaccination site, method, and antismallpox vaccine used. However, as Lee Gyu-gyeong said, it is difficult to confirm the Mobang possessed by Jeong Yak-yong, so it is impossible to confirm whether it is Wooyujongdubang. However, it is clear that Induryak was introduced to Joseon around 1840, and in particular, Lee Yu-won (李裕元)’s mention is an officially confirmed case. Furthermore, according to the inoculation method presented in Induryak, the Jennerian vaccination was carried out in Gwanseo and Gangwon-do in 1854, as described in Ojuyeonmunjangjeonsango. Although it may have been possible to secure the Jennerian vaccination in the Pyeongan-do region, which was a passageway for transportation with China, it seems that the knowledge of continuous inoculation, such as the case of inoculation in Gangwon-do, came from Induryak. Since the method of arm-to-arm, which Jeong Yak-yong had deleted from Sinjeung-jongdugibeop-sangsil, was described in detail in Induryak, it seems that it was possible to make a living as a practitioner of the Jennerian vaccination through that method. However, in a situation in which it was difficult to secure vaccination continuously, the reliance of the Jennerian vaccination on arm-to-arm had clear limitations. Above all, this was because cumulative inoculation reduced the effectiveness of the Jennerian vaccination, which seems to have led the public’s perception of cowpox in a negative direction, eventually leading to distrust of the Jennerian vaccination.