발트해무역과 17세기 네덜란드 -곡물교역을 중심으로
Baltic Sea Trade and the Netherlands in the 17th Century - Baltic grain trade
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초록
17세기 네덜란드는 세계 최강 해양 상업국가였으며 그 기초에는 오랜 해양무역의 전통이 있다. 중세 유럽해상교역을 지배한 것은 한자동맹이었으나 암스테르담을 비롯한 네덜란드는 한자동맹에 참여하지 않고 독자적인 교역로를 건설해 나갔다. 네덜란드는 16세기까지 한자동맹의 경쟁자반열에 오르지 못하고 한자동맹에 종속적인 역할, 즉 해상운송을 담당하는 정도였다. 그러나 뛰어난 조선기술과 항해술, 높은 노동생산성, 값싼 노동역과 운송료 등을 바탕으로 네덜란드는 발트해 무역권에서 영향력을 확대해 나간다. 한자동맹의 보조자 수준이던 네덜란드가 발트해 곡물무역을 장악하고 17세기 세계를 지배할 수 있었던 것은 다음과 같은 요인들에 의한 것으로 보인다. 뛰어난 항해술과 조선술, 낮은 임금과 고도의 생산성에 기반 한 높은 가격경쟁력, 실용주의, 효과적 외교력과 정치적 안정, 혁신적 항만시설과 저장시설, 주식과 외환시장, 폭넓은 정보네트워크, 지중해를 포함한 유럽 전체를 잇는 광범위한 무역네트워크 등을 들 수 있을 것이다. 이 같은 제 요인은 네덜란드를 17세기 세계 최강 해상상업국가로 만들었으며, 그 바탕에는 발트해 곡물교역이 있다.
Abstract
In the 17th century the Netherlands was the biggest maritime commercial power in the world with very long sea trade tradition. It is a well known fact that the Hanseatic League dominated the Medieval European seaborne trade. Meanwhile the Netherlands including Amsterdam established its own trade route, without participating the league. Until 16th century the Netherlands was not much of a competitor to the Hanseatic League, but had a role in seaborne trade limited to mainly marine transportations which was subordinated to the Hanseatic League. However, based on its outstanding shipbuilding capacity, sailing skills, relatively high productivity, lower wages and freight fare the Netherlands increased their presence in the Baltic trading bloc. The bases of Dutch trading supremacy over Baltic grain trade of 17th century other than its exceptional shipbuilding technic, sailing, price competitiveness based on higher productivity and lower wage than of others were pragmatism, effective national diplomacy, political stability, innovational harbor facilities and storage facilities, stock and foreign-exchange markets, a broad information network and a far-reaching trade network connecting all European regions including the Mediterranean Sea. These are the contributing factors to raising the Netherlands from the ancilla for Hanseatic League to the conqueror of Medieval European seaborne trade in 17th century, based on the success of Baltic grain trade.
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