Rethinking Chinese Nationalism in Transnational Contexts
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The term and concept of nationalism is a modern invention that has many connotations, making it difficult to define clearly. However, nationalism can generally be categorized within two geographically, historically, and politically determined types: western imperialist nationalism and non-western anti-imperialist nationalism. Western imperialist nationalism played a crucial role in legitimizing Western imperialism, while non-western anti-imperialist nationalism functioned as an effective tool to inspire peoples to fight for their freedom and independence from western oppression and for their national survival in global Darwinist social competition. Although the differences between these two types of nationalism seem clear, the nationalism of oppressed countries has, to an extent, emulated and imitated its predecessor of imperialist nationalism. In the early twentieth century, reform- or revolution-minded Chinese intellectuals who adopted non-western anti-imperialist nationalism faced an inherent conflict: while trying to overcome the defects of western-style nationalism associated with imperialism, they exhibited western-centered nationalist attitudes in their pursuit of nation-building and transnational visions. Despite the weaknesses of anti-imperialist nationalism, we should be careful not to be too critical of the similarities of anti-imperialist nationalism with imperialist nationalism because they can never be equated. One is the nationalism of the oppressors, and the other is the nationalism of the oppressed.
Abstract
The term and concept of nationalism is a modern invention that has many connotations, making it difficult to define clearly. However, nationalism can generally be categorized within two geographically, historically, and politically determined types: western imperialist nationalism and non-western anti-imperialist nationalism. Western imperialist nationalism played a crucial role in legitimizing Western imperialism, while non-western anti-imperialist nationalism functioned as an effective tool to inspire peoples to fight for their freedom and independence from western oppression and for their national survival in global Darwinist social competition. Although the differences between these two types of nationalism seem clear, the nationalism of oppressed countries has, to an extent, emulated and imitated its predecessor of imperialist nationalism. In the early twentieth century, reform- or revolution-minded Chinese intellectuals who adopted non-western anti-imperialist nationalism faced an inherent conflict: while trying to overcome the defects of western-style nationalism associated with imperialism, they exhibited western-centered nationalist attitudes in their pursuit of nation-building and transnational visions. Despite the weaknesses of anti-imperialist nationalism, we should be careful not to be too critical of the similarities of anti-imperialist nationalism with imperialist nationalism because they can never be equated. One is the nationalism of the oppressors, and the other is the nationalism of the oppressed.
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