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투르크메니스탄 언어정책의 특징과 전망 - 정치와 언어정책의 상관관계를 중심으로 -

Characteristics and Prospects of Language Policy in Turkmenistan - In the Context of the Correlation between Politics and Language Policy -

성동기
외국학연구소 (FOREIGN STUDIES INSTITUTE)|2023.09|외국학연구 (The Journal of Foreign Studies)|제65호|pp. 203-242|DOI 10.15755/jfs.2023..65.203

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참고문헌

키워드

중앙아시아Central Asia언어정책투르크메니스탄투르크멘어TurkmenistanLanguage PolicyTurkmen.
주제분류기타인문학

초록

Article 13 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan, enacted on May 18, 1992, states that Turkmen is the national language and that all citizens are guaranteed the right to use their mother tongue. After independence, Turkmenistan, like the four neighboring Central Asian countries, was likely to develop a realistic language policy. However, unlike these countries, Turkmenistan has not legally recognized the existence and linguistic status of Russian. Turkmenistan was the only Central Asian country that established Turkmen as an international language on a par with Russian. However, to date, the government of Turkmenistan has failed to make Turkmen a national and international language. It is analyzed that the fundamental cause of such a language situation in Turkmenistan is the dogmatic and closed nationalism of the first president, Saparmurat Niyazov. The rulers of four neighboring Central Asian countries also developed nationalism to establish national identity after independence like Niyazov. However, they did not pursue the nationalism of banning the use of Russian as Niyazov did. Therefore, it can be assumed that because Niyazov's language policy had other causes besides nationalism, he pursued language policy in a direction different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to find out why Turkmenistan pursued a language policy different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries, and to evaluate and predict language situation. The contents of the study are as follows. First, the political situation of Turkmenistan, where Niyazov had no choice but to pursue a language policy different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries at the time of independence, will be analyzed through the theory of correlation between language and political power. Second, the language policy promoted by the governments of Niyazov and Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov will be analyzed in detail based on laws and programs. Third, apart from the language policy of the Turkmenistan government, the actual language status of Turkmen, Russian, English, and Turkish in the country will be analyzed in detail through the languages used in advertisements and the languages used on the websites of major organizations. Finally, based on all the above analysis, the future language situation of Turkmenistan will be predicted.

Abstract

Article 13 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan, enacted on May 18, 1992, states that Turkmen is the national language and that all citizens are guaranteed the right to use their mother tongue. After independence, Turkmenistan, like the four neighboring Central Asian countries, was likely to develop a realistic language policy. However, unlike these countries, Turkmenistan has not legally recognized the existence and linguistic status of Russian. Turkmenistan was the only Central Asian country that established Turkmen as an international language on a par with Russian. However, to date, the government of Turkmenistan has failed to make Turkmen a national and international language. It is analyzed that the fundamental cause of such a language situation in Turkmenistan is the dogmatic and closed nationalism of the first president, Saparmurat Niyazov. The rulers of four neighboring Central Asian countries also developed nationalism to establish national identity after independence like Niyazov. However, they did not pursue the nationalism of banning the use of Russian as Niyazov did. Therefore, it can be assumed that because Niyazov's language policy had other causes besides nationalism, he pursued language policy in a direction different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to find out why Turkmenistan pursued a language policy different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries, and to evaluate and predict language situation. The contents of the study are as follows. First, the political situation of Turkmenistan, where Niyazov had no choice but to pursue a language policy different from that of the four neighboring Central Asian countries at the time of independence, will be analyzed through the theory of correlation between language and political power. Second, the language policy promoted by the governments of Niyazov and Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov will be analyzed in detail based on laws and programs. Third, apart from the language policy of the Turkmenistan government, the actual language status of Turkmen, Russian, English, and Turkish in the country will be analyzed in detail through the languages used in advertisements and the languages used on the websites of major organizations. Finally, based on all the above analysis, the future language situation of Turkmenistan will be predicted.

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