영국 역사인구학의 성과와 한계 돌아보기
Rethinking the Achievements and Limitations of British Historical Demography
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지난 수십 년간 영국의 역사인구학은 과거의 인구학적 현상과 그 저변의 사회구조에 관한 학문적 연구에서 선도적 역할을 수행해 왔다. 일정 수의 잉글랜드 교구들에 대해 가족재구성법이 적용된 이래 이 연구방법은 많은 나라들의 유사 연구에 관해 핵심적인 표준을 제공하였다는 평가를 받아 왔다.이 논문은 영국의 역사인구학이 지금까지 축적해 온 연구 성과를 정리하고 그 한계점을 논의한다. 먼저, 중세에서 현대까지의 인구분석을 위해 어떤 사료가 이용되었나를 고찰한다. 둘째, 개별 사료의 특성을 간략히 설명하고 이 사료들에서 연구결과를 도출하는 작업이 어떤 장단점을 지니는지 논의한다. 이어서 역사인구학의 성과들, 특히 가족재구성법과 관련된 성과들을 출생률, 사망률, 혼인율 및 기타 인구학적 요소들을 기준으로 고찰한다. 넷째, 이러한 성과들의 신뢰도에 대해 그간 제기되어 왔던 논점들과 이에 대한 연구자들의 반론을 살펴본다. 마지막으로 영국의 역사인구학이 현재까지 충분히 살펴보지 못한 몇 가지 측면을 제시한다.
Abstract
For the past decades the British historical demography has played a leading role in the academic research of the demographic phenomena and the underlying social structure of the past. Ever since the method of family reconstitution was applied to a reasonably large number of English parishes, the works of the pioneering demographic historians have been regarded as setting a standard which researches into other countries would have to take into serious considerations. This article offered a critical review on the hitherto achievements of the British historical demography and discusses the limitations of them. First, it investigated what primary materials had been used by researchers working on middle to modern ages. It went on to discuss the nature of individual materials and argued the pros and cons of the researches which utilized those materials. The focus moved on to the research results that were procured from those materials, with an emphasis on family reconstitution and its application. A series of tables, regarding fertility, mortality, marriage, and many other elements of demographic events, were suggested and explanations were attached to them. In the following section, several moot points as to the reliability of the researches based on family reconstitution were suggested, and the critique and the rejoinder were examined. In the concluding section, we added a number of issues that British historial demography has yet fully to address despite its great achievements.
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