조선후기 한성부의 四山 관리와 松禁정책

Abstract

This article examines the policy of four mountains management led by the nation as an aspect of operating a city in the latter period of Chosun. Hanseongbu’s four mountains were very crucial in the military aspects as they protected the four great gates and the palace from all directions, and ideologically, it had spatial symbolicity as well as the ‘four numinous mountains(四神砂)’ for Gyeongbokgung. Thus, in the period of Chosun, the politicians regarded the four mountains management to be very important and limited their use in order to protect Seoul’s landscape and also its breath and pulse and prevent the floods of the rivers. The government’s management plans for those four mountains are characterized largely from three aspects:First, from the latter period of Chosun, they concretized the regulations regarding the four mountains management to reinforce the control over cutting pine trees. The government established detailed articles about watching and punishing those cutting pine trees to strengthen the social control over cutting pine trees. The regulations mainly included punishing four mountains inspectors who did not watch those cutting pine trees, preventing bribery of Sanjik(山直:forest protector), or punishing pine tree gatherers, so the people’s crime of cutting pine trees was regarded as a great social issue then. Second, they increased the range of prohibition in the four mountains. From the 18th century, each of the military camps’ range of prohibition increased more than in the former period of Chosun, so we can see that the nation’s management became extended and strengthened. The range of prohibition that was limited to the inside area of the ridges outside the capital city became extended to the outside area of the inside chains, not being limited to the four mountains inside the capital city from the latter period of the 18th century. Third, they replaced the inspectors, the managers, with Chamgun(參軍) to increase the efficiency of the management. From the latter period of Chosun, the pine cutting criminals even used force that the four mountains inspectors and Sanjik in charge of the management could not conduct the inspection properly. Thus, from the 18th century, they replaced the four mountains inspectors with Chamgun, military officials, in order to get rid of that negative effect.