대몽골국 초기(1206~1259) 카라코룸으로 간 고려사신들

Abstract

Until now, studies based on the relationship between Koryŏ(高麗) and the Great Mongol Empire(Yeke Mongγol Ulus) have mainly focused on Mongol's invasions and Koryŏ's defense against them. However, Koryŏ did not always fight against Mongol before Koryŏ was conquered by Mongol. Koryŏ would send envoys to the imperial capital, Qaraqorum(和林), several times as well. In some travelogues by European envoys who had visited Qaraqorum to take a precaution, they were greatly surprised at Mongol’s invasions to Eastern Europe in the early period of the Great Mongol Empire. Few detailed records can be found on ‘the chief of Solangi(Koryŏ, 高麗)’ and ‘envoys of Solanga’. In particular, Plano de Carpini had mentioned Solangi 6 times in his book. One possibility of the identity of the chief envoy from Koryŏ whom Plano de Carpini had met is that he was the Duke of Sinan(新安公), Wang Jeon(王佺). He, at that time, left Koryŏ in tenth month in 1245 by lunar calendar and returned back in the second intercalary month of 1249. The other possibility is that he was the Duke of Yeongnyeong(永寧公), Wang Joon(王綧), who was sent to Mongol as ‘turqaγ(禿魯花)’, the hostage, in fourth month of 1241 by the lunar calendar, and returned back in the ninth month of 1255. So far, there have been various opinions about those ‘envoys of Koryŏ’ whom Carpini met with, in addition to the two mentioned above, other opinions are that he was Gojong(高宗), the Duke of Yeongnyeong, Wang Joon or the Duke of Sinan, Wang Jeon. However, in my opinion, it is much more likely that both of the Duke of Sinan, Wang Jeon and the Duke of Yeongnyeong, Wang Joon were the envoys whom Carpini had met with. William of Rubruck also recorded two notes of Koryŏ; ‘Solanga’ and ‘Caule’. One of ‘the ambassadors of Solanga’ he had encountered with, was the Duke of Yeongnyeong, Wang Joon, who attended the coronation ceremony of Güyük qa'an, mentioned as ‘the chief of Solangi’ by Carpini. The other one was the Duke of Angyeong(安慶公), Wang Chang(王淐). The Duke of Angyeong, Wang Chang was more like the chief of ‘the ambassadors of Solanga’ who Rubruk had encountered with. Nevertheless, there still remains a possibility that he could have met both of them, the Duke of Yeongnyeong, Wang Joon and the Duke of Angyeong, Wang Chang, because ‘the ambassadors’ is a plural form not a singular form. Marco Polo called Koryŏ ‘Cauli’ not Solangi or Solanga in his book, The Travels of Marco Polo. Since then, this name was spread to Europe through Western Asia and it is currently ‘Korea(Corée)’. On the other hand, the word of Cauli got forgotten among Mongolians but the word of Solanga remained as the name of dynasties existing in Korean Peninsular such as Koryŏ ‘Solonγos’.