불평등 조약 하의 치외법권 문제― 도쿄 재판소에서의 내외인 소송을 중심으로 ―*
Extraterritoriality Issues Under Unequal Treaties— Focusing on Litigation between domestic and foreign nationals —
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This study examines cases of extraterritorial jurisdiction in Japan, focusing on litigation between Japanese(defendant) and foreigners(plaintiff). The results show that judgements were made in accordance with the rules that had already existed in Japan. In other words, foreigners were subject to Japanese police and administrative rules. In general, the legal status of foreigners under unequal treaties was described in terms of consular jurisdiction or extraterritorial jurisdiction. However, the perception that foreigners were excluded from the application of Japanese domestic law and administrative rules at the time requires reconsideration, at least based on the outcome of the Japanese(defendant)-foreigners(plaintiff) litigation. Of course, Japanese domestic law was incomplete at the time, and the question of what to base a civil court judgement on in such an incomplete state of law was an important issue in the handling of those cases. In the cases reviewed in this article, judgements were made on the basis of evidence, admissions, and findings in the absence of domestic law. There are also cases that differed from the previous studies on the application of foreign law. While the previous studies indicated that foreign law was respected in the judgements, it did not seem to be universally applied in all cases. Depending on the case, Anglo-American customs claimed by foreign plaintiffs were sometimes not recognised.
Abstract
This study examines cases of extraterritorial jurisdiction in Japan, focusing on litigation between Japanese(defendant) and foreigners(plaintiff). The results show that judgements were made in accordance with the rules that had already existed in Japan. In other words, foreigners were subject to Japanese police and administrative rules. In general, the legal status of foreigners under unequal treaties was described in terms of consular jurisdiction or extraterritorial jurisdiction. However, the perception that foreigners were excluded from the application of Japanese domestic law and administrative rules at the time requires reconsideration, at least based on the outcome of the Japanese(defendant)-foreigners(plaintiff) litigation. Of course, Japanese domestic law was incomplete at the time, and the question of what to base a civil court judgement on in such an incomplete state of law was an important issue in the handling of those cases. In the cases reviewed in this article, judgements were made on the basis of evidence, admissions, and findings in the absence of domestic law. There are also cases that differed from the previous studies on the application of foreign law. While the previous studies indicated that foreign law was respected in the judgements, it did not seem to be universally applied in all cases. Depending on the case, Anglo-American customs claimed by foreign plaintiffs were sometimes not recognised.
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