黃宗羲與明清之際經濟倫理的轉向
Huang Zongxi and Transformation of the Ethics of Economics during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
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黃宗羲從“人各自私自利”的新人性論出發, 視萬民之利爲“公利”, 爲萬民自有權利和權益辯護；從是否“切於民用”的角度, 重新判分“本末之辨”, 主張“工商皆本”, 重整了四民價值秩序。黃宗羲的經濟倫理思想是“新民本”型的經濟倫理思想, 它包涵的“以民生起見”的民生觀, 是“崇公”的價值理想在新的經濟形態下的運用, 涵藏著近代性的根芽, 代表著中國哲學從古典形態向近代形態的轉向, 對於我們今天的稅費制改革、減輕農民負擔、構建和諧社會等諸多方面和多個領域, 都有著重要的啟示意義。
Abstract
Based on the new premise of human nature that “every person is self-interested,” Huang Zongxi viewed “profit of ten thousand men” as the “common good” or “public interest.” Moreover, by adopting a utilitarian perspective, he renewed the “means and ends,” thereby re-arranging the traditional social stratum that engineers and merchants go on top of officials and farmers. Huang’s ethical theories on economics can be regarded as the “new citizen-centered type” advocating “arising from the grassroots” doctrine. Emphasis on the public interest contains in itself the seed of modernization, propelling the transition from the ancient to modern political and economic frameworks. Huang’s economic ethics may throw some light on today’s urgent issues, such as tax reform, relieving farmer’s economic burdens, and social polarization.
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