由「完善」與「正當」論茶山學與朱子學的關聯
The Good and the Right: Connections between the Thought of Tasan and Zhu Xi
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丁若鏞(號茶山Tasan)對四書的注解, 在說法上與朱子學頗有出入, 因而有學者認為他是反朱子學的學者。類似的討論, 放在「實學」的脈絡中, 也有學者認為實學接近於氣學, 因而將丁若鏞的說法歸入氣學一派。本文由當代政治哲學中「完善」與「正當」的概念重新檢討上述的說法, 其目的有二：(一)釐清茶山學與朱子學清代氣學的理論差異及其關聯性。(二)探尋茶山學的理論是否有延伸至現代學術(特別是當代政治哲學)的可能性。本文的結論有二：(一)丁若鏞的論說與朱子學具有互補的意義, 而與清代的氣學不屬同一路向。(二)茶山學的理論比朱子學更具有現代學術的意義, 除了有融通倫理學中「義務論」(deontology)與「目的論」(teleology)的可能性外, 也有由「德行原理」(principle of virtue)延伸為「法權原理」(principle of right)的可能性。
Abstract
The fact that the commentaries on the Four Books written by Chŏng Yagyong (style name: Tasan) deviate widely from those of Zhu Xi has led many scholars to believe that he opposed the thought of Zhu Xi. As similar positions have been thought to be related to qi studies, Chŏng Yagyong has been considered to be a proponent of such movement. This paper reviews this argument from the modern philosophical perspectives of the “good” and the “right” to clarify the theoretical differences and connections between Tasan and Zhu Xi, as well as to consider whether it is possible to place Tasan’s theory within the context of modern scholarship, especially that of political philosophy. We conclude that Chŏng Yagyong’s thought is complementary to that of Zhu Xi, and that as such it is distinct from the qi studies of the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, Tasan’s thought is shown to be more relevant to modern scholarship than that of Zhu Xi in that, in addition to introducing the possibility of merging deontology and teleology in the field of ethics, he also opens up the possibility of shifting from the principle of virtue to the principle of right.
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