A Reconsideration of Yi Hwang's Four-Seven Theory
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The Four-Seven Debate between Toegye Yi Hwang (退溪 李滉) and Gobong Gieseung (高峯 奇大升) in 16th century Korea concerned the problem of explaining the Four Beginnings and the Seven Feelings (四端七情) in terms of the two ontological concepts of ri (理) and gi (氣). In this paper, I will focus on the questions raised in this debate about the following issues: (a) the origin or ontological basis of the Four Beginnings and the Seven Feelings; (b) the exact meaning of bal (發), which is used in the description of the origin of the Four and the Seven; (c) the possibility of ascribing activity or movability to ri; (d) the relation between the Four and the Seven; and (e) the possibility of nonequilibrium in the case of the Four. In explaining why each issue was raised, I will focus on the position of Yi Hwang rather than that of Gi Daeseung, and will show how far and in what way Yi Hwang revised his position in response to Gi Daeseung’s criticisms.
Abstract
The Four-Seven Debate between Toegye Yi Hwang (退溪 李滉) and Gobong Gieseung (高峯 奇大升) in 16th century Korea concerned the problem of explaining the Four Beginnings and the Seven Feelings (四端七情) in terms of the two ontological concepts of ri (理) and gi (氣). In this paper, I will focus on the questions raised in this debate about the following issues: (a) the origin or ontological basis of the Four Beginnings and the Seven Feelings; (b) the exact meaning of bal (發), which is used in the description of the origin of the Four and the Seven; (c) the possibility of ascribing activity or movability to ri; (d) the relation between the Four and the Seven; and (e) the possibility of nonequilibrium in the case of the Four. In explaining why each issue was raised, I will focus on the position of Yi Hwang rather than that of Gi Daeseung, and will show how far and in what way Yi Hwang revised his position in response to Gi Daeseung’s criticisms.
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