Modern Times and Modern Rites
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Classical Confucianism says that ritual propriety (li 禮) is necessary to bind society and produce a harmonious and peaceful social order. Secular liberal moral and political theories are skeptical that shared manners, etiquette, rituals, and rites are necessary to bind society and produce intrastate harmony and peace. Liberalism, especially liberalism adapted to cosmopolitan and multicultural states, proposes that an overlapping consensus about values can be sufficient to bind a people, without shared norms governing li. It might be true that shared values can bind a liberal multi-culture without shared li, while at the same time there are costs associated with doing without li, or abiding a plural li. Some philosophers associate li with conservative social orders and are glad to see the li dissipate with the recession of such orders. Others think that we need to recognize the costs associated with li-lessness, and that liberal, multicultural orders have, and/or are in need of creating or recreating li in order to sustain a harmonious common life. This paper revisits this debate and explores the question of whether and how Chinese Confucian philosophy sheds light on the normative contribution li makes to human life, and whether and to what degree this depends on whether the culture or nation state is liberal or liberal and multicultural. This will enable us to evaluate whether we in the North Atlantic should want more, less, or none of li.
Abstract
Classical Confucianism says that ritual propriety (li 禮) is necessary to bind society and produce a harmonious and peaceful social order. Secular liberal moral and political theories are skeptical that shared manners, etiquette, rituals, and rites are necessary to bind society and produce intrastate harmony and peace. Liberalism, especially liberalism adapted to cosmopolitan and multicultural states, proposes that an overlapping consensus about values can be sufficient to bind a people, without shared norms governing li. It might be true that shared values can bind a liberal multi-culture without shared li, while at the same time there are costs associated with doing without li, or abiding a plural li. Some philosophers associate li with conservative social orders and are glad to see the li dissipate with the recession of such orders. Others think that we need to recognize the costs associated with li-lessness, and that liberal, multicultural orders have, and/or are in need of creating or recreating li in order to sustain a harmonious common life. This paper revisits this debate and explores the question of whether and how Chinese Confucian philosophy sheds light on the normative contribution li makes to human life, and whether and to what degree this depends on whether the culture or nation state is liberal or liberal and multicultural. This will enable us to evaluate whether we in the North Atlantic should want more, less, or none of li.
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