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함무라비 법의 도덕성

Morality of the Laws of Hammurabi

이종근
법학연구원 (Legal Research Institute of Korea University)|2011.02|법학논총 (The Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University)|제23권 제2호|pp. 295-335|DOI 10.17251/legal.2011.23.2.295

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참고문헌

키워드

도덕성morality폭력성forcelex talionis함무라비미샤룸법과 정의동해보복법/ 탈리오법Hammurabimisharumjustice and righteousness

초록

함무라비 법은 고대 바빌로니아의 함무라비 왕에 의해 재위 말년에 편찬되었다. 메소포타미아의 수메르와 아카드 법전승의 종합이고 후대 법전승의 근원이 되었다. 법조문의 약 282조로 구성되어 있고 메소포타미아의삶의 여러 부분을 다룬다. 법은 공정한 재판과 판단을 강조하고 나라에 법과 정의를 세우기 위해 편찬되었다. 이 법은 오늘날의 법처럼 조직적이 종합적이지는 않지만, 고대법들 중 가장 포괄적이고 조직적인 법이며 양식과법원칙에 기초되어 있다. 함무라비 법은 사법정의와 법의 준수 및 판결 번복을 금하고, 농경 삶에서 공동선을 추구했다. 땅의 임대 및 대부나 선박 보수 시 책임을 지게하고 그것을 성실히 이행하지 못한 것에 대해서는 변상을 명문화하므로 건전한 노사관계 및 상도덕을 함양했다. 서구 문명의 요람인 메소포타미아의 함무라비 법은 인류 법문화의 원류이다. 신분 및 성차별, 폭력성이나 사형 규정이 많은 점 등 시대적 한계와비도덕적 요소가 있지만, 고대 사회에서 도덕성을 신장하고 공공선과 시민성을 향한 법의 도덕성을 제시하는데 의의가 있다.

Abstract

The Laws of Hammurabi were composed by King Hammurabi during his last years of reign. They were the collections of other laws in Mesopotamia, and became source of legal traditions to later generations. Main body of the provisions is divided into about 282 clauses, covering many areas of lives in the ancient Mesopotamia. They were composed for justice and righteousness in the nation. The laws are not comprehensive or systematic as present laws in general, but the most inclusive and more systematic among ancient laws. They were based on common sense and legal principles. The laws stress fair trial and judgment, establishing justice and righteousness in the country. Hammurabi proclaimed Misharum, edicts in Old Babylonian empire to alleviate financial hardships caused by the previous rulers. The laws of Hammurabi enhances morality in establishing legal justice at court, emphasizing law-abiding, prohibition of change of decision, especially reversal of the ruling, bona fide principles in agricultural and pastoral lives in Mesopotamia. The Old Babylonian society was composed of awilum, upper class; mushkenum, commoner;and wardum, slave. The class discrimination influenced everything in the kingdom in wages, trial, compensation and medical expenses. The laws of Hammurabi, a source of legal tradition for humanity, has some meaningful implication on the issues of morality for civility and common good, though they are discriminations of sexes and social status, use of forces, and many capital punishment, which are unhuman clauses.

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