遺民墓誌銘을 통해본 唐의 東方政策과 高句麗 遺民의 동향

Abstract

This thesis aimed at examining the Koguryo refugees as well as the Chinese Tang(唐) dynasty’s Eastern policy during the 2nd half of the 7th century, through remaining tomb epitaphs[墓誌銘] of those Koguryo refugees. As part of a joint project with Professor Bai, Genxing(拜根興) at the Shaanxi(陝西) Education University, I surveyed a grand collection of extant epitaphs of Koguryo refugees, and tried to examine their movements and activities. I also wanted to have a look at how they progressed as the Tang’s policy tended to change itself as well, and analyzed written documents from many perspectives to that end. As a result, I was able to recreate details of the refugees’ activities, which turned out to be quite diverse ever since the dynasty fell, and was able to newly determine how their actions affected the Tang’s policy in return. For example, the epitaph of Nam Dan-deok(南單德) and epitaphs of Go Heum-deok(高欽德) & Go Weon-mang(高遠望), which were all found in 2015, reveal how the Tang dynasty established a ruling authority over Koguryo’s old territory. From the epitaphs of Yi Ta-in(李他仁) and Yang Hyeon-gi(陽玄基, who was a Tang official) we can confirm that a Koguryo Revival Movement was widely in progress around 670 and 671 in the Buyeo region as well as areas nearby the Duman-gang river. In the meantime, the recently found epitaph of Go Eul-deok(高乙德) vividly shows us how Tang subdued the Revival movement around 673 and began to engage Shilla full-scale in 674. Tang organized a large army in 679 to protect itself from the invasion of the Turks, and through many Koguryo refugee epitaphs we learned that many of them were actually enlisted in the Turk front. And especially from the epitaph of Go Hyeon(高玄), we discovered that Koguryo refugees who had been dispersed and stationed in various Ju/州 areas were systematically pulled from where they were to be diverted to the front. Unfortunately we were not able to identify the status of Koguryo refugees who remained inside the dynasty’s old territory while the Khitans’ rise in June 696 which definitely led to Balhae’s foundation in 698 was heavily on our minds. The fact that since the Khitans’ rise the Koguryo refugees in the Liadung region were behind the Koguryo Revival movement was newly determined by epitaphs of Go Jil(高質) and Go Ja(高慈). As mentioned above, I examined all the existing written texts as well as newly discovered epitaph materials in order to analyze changes in the Tang dynasty’s Eastern policy as well as the ever-changing status of the Koguryo refugees from a multilateral perspective. The fact that Koguryo Revival movements also progressed in the Buyeo and Duman-gang region was newly determined during this project and will help enhance the overall understanding of this period. Also, the newly identified detail that Koguryo refugees in the Liaodung region involved themselves in a Koguryo Revival movement right after the Khitans rose will contribute to bettering previous understanding of the historical background which was behind the foundation of Balhae. Results from this project would be able to provide scholars and researchers with details regarding the Koguryo refugees’ actions, Shilla’s Tang policy, and changes in the Tang dynasty’s Eastern policy, and enable them to have a macroscopic view of the overall picture including the Unified Shilla’s firm establishment as well as the foundation of Balhae, which were all crucial changes the Koreans of this period were able to witness.