朝鲜世祖的兵书编纂与军事改革 — 兼论东亚五府制比较视角下的五卫都总府 —
King Sejo’s Compilation of Military Books and Military Reform: On the Comparative Perspective of “Wujundudufu/Owidochongbu” in East Asia
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朝鲜前期精通武艺与兵学的世祖大王，通过编纂 ≪阵法≫、≪兵政≫、≪兵将说≫ 等一系列兵书，确立起对阵法战术、军令体系、武将教育等多方面的军事改革。同时，他也确立起五卫都总府统兵、兵曹调兵的军事分权体制，并尝试把中央军和地方军都纳入五卫系统。而这一改革，其实与相近时期的中国明朝及越南后黎朝的五军都督府军制改革，在改革措施和目的上较为接近。应该说，世祖的这一五卫制度改革是有着多元源流的，既继承了高丽末·朝鲜初的军事体制，又有着五卫阵法的训练实践，还参考了明朝“五府·兵部分权”的体制。本文尝试从东亚比较的视角，对世祖的兵书编纂与五卫都总府改革进行分析，总体而言，这是世祖结合朝鲜本国优秀特色，参照明朝的制度经验，进行的一种改革实践。但是由于文治主义的抬头，以及地方镇管制度的固定化，五卫在中央和地方的军事角色越来越弱化，最终不可避免地走上了明朝五军都督府那样变成“虚职寄俸之所”的结局。
Abstract
King Sejo, who mastered martial arts and military science in the early Joseon period, compiled a series of military books such as “Jinbeop”, “Byeongjeong”, and “byeongjangseol”, and established various military reforms in various fields, including battle formation, military order system, and military officer education. At the same time, he also established a military decentralization system of “Owidochongbu commands troops and Byeongjo deploys troops”, and tried to integrate the Central Army and the local army into the Owi system. In fact, this reform is closer to the reform measures and objectives of the reform of the military system of the five military governors (Wujundudufu) of the Ming Dynasty and the Hau Le Dynasty(Nhà Hậu Lê) in Vietnam. It should be said that Sejo’s reform of the Owi system has multiple origins, which not only inherits the military systemin late Goryeo and early Joseon, but also has Sejo’s own training practice of the Owijinbeop. King Sejo’s reform of “Owidochongbu & Byeongjo decentralization” also referred to the experience of “Wujundudufu&Bingbu decentralization” in the Ming Dynasty. This paper attempts to analyze the compilation of King Sejo’s military books and the reform of the Owidochongbu from the perspective of East Asia comparison. However, due to the rise of culturalism and the fixation of the Jingwancheje, the military role of the Owi in the central and local governments became weaker and weaker. This is very similar to the Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Wujundudufu also became a nominal institution. The official position of the Wujundudufu became the rank of promotion and salary payment, rather than the actual position.