수로 공학과 환경사, 그리고 근대 국가의 형성
Waterways: Hydraulic Engineering, Environmental History, and the Making of the Modern State
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In recent decades, environmental history has emerged as a new subfield exploring the role and place of nature in human life,” with rivers providing one of its most powerful subjects. In this paper, I explore these relationships by scrutinizing three episodes of hydraulic engineering that unleashed unintended and sometimes catastrophic social and ecological effects., that is 19th century river channelization, 20th century river damming, and 21st century river restoration. The 19th century river channelization projects were in accordance with the emerging modern nation states. As the Rhein rectification clearly demonstrates, however, it was accompanied by numerous displaced persons, destruction of the ecosystem. The 20th century dam construction was enabled by the high modernism which believed in the increasing control over nature and society, the expansion of material well-being, and confidence about scientific and technical knowledge. The huge scale of damming was preferred especially by the political leaders such as Stalin, Nasser who lacked the legitimacy and were keen to display the advantage of their regimes. In spite of the short-term efficiency, however, the dam construction left the horrific consequences which the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea demonstrates vividly. That is why the European countries and the United Stated inaugurated to restore the rivers. European effors at riparian restoration, however, can not compensate at a global scale for accelerating development, including new hydroelectric dams in emerging economies such as India and China. Given the unexpected, but devastating effect that the hydraulic engineering project initiated by the modern states, my conclusion is that in the very long view of biological evolution, the best survival strategy of human being is, much like rat, to be adaptable, to pursue diverse sources of subsistence and to maximize resilience.
Abstract
In recent decades, environmental history has emerged as a new subfield exploring the role and place of nature in human life,” with rivers providing one of its most powerful subjects. In this paper, I explore these relationships by scrutinizing three episodes of hydraulic engineering that unleashed unintended and sometimes catastrophic social and ecological effects., that is 19th century river channelization, 20th century river damming, and 21st century river restoration. The 19th century river channelization projects were in accordance with the emerging modern nation states. As the Rhein rectification clearly demonstrates, however, it was accompanied by numerous displaced persons, destruction of the ecosystem. The 20th century dam construction was enabled by the high modernism which believed in the increasing control over nature and society, the expansion of material well-being, and confidence about scientific and technical knowledge. The huge scale of damming was preferred especially by the political leaders such as Stalin, Nasser who lacked the legitimacy and were keen to display the advantage of their regimes. In spite of the short-term efficiency, however, the dam construction left the horrific consequences which the rapid desiccation of the Aral Sea demonstrates vividly. That is why the European countries and the United Stated inaugurated to restore the rivers. European effors at riparian restoration, however, can not compensate at a global scale for accelerating development, including new hydroelectric dams in emerging economies such as India and China. Given the unexpected, but devastating effect that the hydraulic engineering project initiated by the modern states, my conclusion is that in the very long view of biological evolution, the best survival strategy of human being is, much like rat, to be adaptable, to pursue diverse sources of subsistence and to maximize resilience.
참고문헌 (39)
- Mark Cioc, "The Rhine: An Ecobiography, 1815–2000", pp.3~20 (2002), University of Washington Press
- Christof Mauch, "Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction, in: Rivers in History : Perspectives on Waterways in Europe and North America", pp.2~ (2008), University of Pittsburgh Press
- Donald Worster, "Doing Environmental History, in: The Ends of the Earth", pp.289~306 (1988), Cambridge University Press
- Mauch, "Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction", pp.2~
- Thomas Lekan, "Imagining the Nation in Nature: Landscape Preservation and German Identity" (2004), Harvard University Press
- Mauch and Zeller, "Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction, in: The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany" (2006), Norton
- James C. Scott, "Seeing Like a State : How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed" (1998), Yale University Press
- Ted Steinberg, "Down to Earth: Nature, Agency, and Power in History", American Historical Review, 107(3), pp.802~803 (2002)
- David Blackbourn, "Time is a violent torrent: Constructing and Reconstructing Rivers in Modern German History", pp.24~, Rivers in History
- David Blackbourn, "The Conquest of Nature"
- Mark Cioc, "The Rhine"
- David Blackbourn, "Time is a violent torrent", pp.17~
- International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine Against Pollution, "Ecological Master Plan for the Rhine", pp.3~
- Reh, "ÖkologischeFolgen", pp.117~118
- Clarence Glacken, "Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century" (1967), University of California Press
- Donald Worster, "Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- Roderick Nash, "Wilderness and the American Mind, New Haven" (1967), Yale University Press
- Thomas Lekan, "A ‘Noble Prospect’: Tourism, Heimat, and Conservation on the Rhine, 1880-1914", The Journal of Modern History
- James C. Scott, "Seeing Like a State", pp.88~
- Mauch and Zeller, "Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction", pp.4~
- Paul Josephson, "Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World" (2002), Island Press
- Matthew N. Eisler, "Review of Paul R. Josephson, Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World" (2005), H-Environment, H-Net Reviews
- Paul Josephson, "Industrialized Nature; Dorothy Zeisler-Vralsted", Dorothy Zeisler-Vralsted,
- Mauch, "The Cultural and Hydrological Development of the Mississippi and Volga Rivers, in: Rivers in History", pp.63~77
- ohn Robert McNeill, "Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World", pp.159~ (2001), Norton & Co.
- Donald Worster, "Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West" (1985), Pantheon
- John Robert McNeill, "Something New Under the Sun", pp.159~
- Nash, "Wilderness and the American Mind, in: Dam! Water, Politics, Power and Preservation in Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite National Park", pp.161~181 (2005), Pantheon
- William H. Rollins, "A Greener Vision of Home: Cultural Politics and Environmental Reform in the German Heimatschutz Movement, 1904-1918", pp.141~ (1997), University of Michigan Press
- Ulrich Linse, "Von der Bittschrift zur Platzbesetzung: Konflikte um technische Grossprojekte: Laufenburg, Walchensee" (1988), J.H.W. Dietz
- Donald Worster, "Nature’s Economy", pp.339~348
- Colin Riordan, "Green Ideas in Germany: A Historica Survey, in: Green Thought in German Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives", pp.27~28, University of Wales Press
- Raymond Dominick, "The Environmental Movement in Germany: Prophets and Pioneers, 1871-1971", pp.141~142 (1992), Indiana University Press
- Thomas Lekan, "Saving the Rhine: Water, Ecology, and Heimat in Post-World War II Germany", pp.110~136, Rivers in History
- "Salmon2000", "Ecological Master Plan for the Rhine", pp.1990, International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine Against Pollution
- Bruno Baur, "Effects of Invasive Non-Native Species on the Native Biodiversity in the River Rhine", Biological Invasions, 193, pp.257~273 (2007), Springer
- Mauch, "Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction", pp.5~
- Annie Luo, "Three Gorges: A World So Changed" (2003), World Press
- John Robert McNeill, "Something New under the Sun", pp.203~304