1950년대 중국 혁명 연구의 다섯 가지 논쟁적 테제 述論
An Analysis on Five Controversial Theses on the 1950s Revolution in China
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본고는 쟁점적인 5가지 테제, 즉 <1949년 획기 문제>, <신민주주의의 행방>, <토지개혁에 대한 평가>, <대중운동의 역학>, 그리고 <국가-사회의 함수 관계>를 중심으로 1950년대 혁명 연구 지형을 분석하고, 각 테제를 아우르는 특징을 추출하여 향후 연구를 전망한다. 첫째, 기존의 주류 서사의 힘이 약화되면서도 그에 대한 대안은 아직 형성되지 않고 있다. 주류 서사에 대한 최근의 도전은 주류 서사의 근거를 부정한다기 보다는 또 다른 사례의 제시를 통해 그것을 희석시키는 우회적 방식을 취한다는 점에서 주류 서사 자체를 대체하는 데는 여전히 한계를 내포하고 있다. 둘째, 대중운동은 1950년대의 국가-사회 관계를 새롭게 조명하기 위한 유용한 테제가 될 수 있다. 대중운동은 국가와 사회가 일정한 사안(agenda)을 두고 상호 협력하는 거버넌스(governance)의 작동 방식이기도 했다. 셋째, ‘국가(state)’와 ‘정권(regime)’을 분별하여 고찰할 필요가 있다. 대중운동이 신속한 공산 정권 강화에는 효과적이었으나 국가의 정규적인 제도적 발전과 운용을 방해했는가 하면, 토지개혁은 지방적-중간적 권력을 제거함으로써 공산 정권의 강화에 기여했을 뿐만 아니라, 모든 권력을 중앙으로 통합하는 ‘근대 국가’ 건설에도 효과적이었다. 마지막으로, 자료 활용의 문제이다. 檔案은 당-정의 ‘통치’의 목적을 위해 생산된 자료로서, 객관적 ‘연구’를 위해 활용되기 위해서는 엄밀한 사료 비판이 동반되지 않으면 안 된다. 1950년대에 관한 최근의 증대되는 사례 연구는 지속적으로 축적되어 1950년대의 전체상을 파악하는데 기여하게 될 것이다.
Abstract
Analyzing existing literatures on the transformation in 1950s China, this article examines five selected controversial theses such as ‘1949 divide’, ‘New Democracy’, ‘land reform’, ‘mass movement’, ‘state-society relations’ to provide new perspectives on the subject. Firstly, though conventional master narratives faced considerable challenge from recent new interpretations, persuasive alternative histories are not yet proposed. Recent criticism of master narratives shows its own limit in that it adopts a sort of deviation method revealing other evidences that justify its own criticism instead of negating directly the grounds that support existing narratives. Secondly, ‘mass movement’ would be a relevant subject through which state-society relations could be reexamined. Mass movement could be considered modus operandi of ‘governance’ in which state and society cooperate each other surrounding a certain sociopolitical agenda, though the cooperation could not be equal. Thirdly, it is necessary to discern the concepts, ‘state’ and ‘regime’ for an analytical understanding of the 1950s state power. For instance, though the mass movement was one of very effective means for consolidating rapidly the Communist regime, it served also as an obstacle to the establishment of regular state institutions and its routinized operation; however, land reform that eliminated local power and middlemen not only strengthened the regime but also facilitated the establishment of modern state. Lastly, the question of sources. Especially, as the archival materials increasingly available over the past two decades had been produced for the purpose of administering the people, they hardly reflect genuine situation of the administered. A strict Quellenkritik is essential in using the archives. In general, continued accumulation of multiple case studies would contribute to a holistic understanding of the 1950s revolution in China.
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