스탈린-트로츠키 권력투쟁 재고: 좌우파의 경제 이념과 관련하여, 1923-1927
Rethinking the Power Struggle between Stalin and Trotsky, 1923-1927: A Political Interpretation
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1920년대 소련의 스탈린-트로츠키 권력투쟁 문제는 소련 역사 연구에서 가장 큰 관심을 받았던 주제 중 하나였다. 기존 연구들은 대체로 이 논쟁의 경제 이론적 차원을 부각하며, 트로츠키 계열을 당시의 신경제정책을 부정하고 급격한 산업화를 추진하려는 좌파로, 스탈린 진영을 신경제정책을 유지하고 점진적으로 사회주의를 이루려는 우파로 묘사하였다. 본 논문은 구소련 문서고 개방이후 이용가능해진 자료들 및 여타 당대 기록들을 이용하여 기존 연구의 이런 경향에 문제를 제기한다. 권력투쟁 기간 중 제시된 스탈린과 트로츠키의 이념과 경제정책은 근본적인 차이가 없었으며, 모두 신경제정책의 틀을 수용하는 입장이었다. 이 투쟁의 핵심은 경제정책이 아니라 정치 문제였으며, 그것은 구체적으로 스탈린의 서기장 취임 이후 드러났다고 많은 동시대인들이 믿었던 당 권력의 쏠림 현상을 둘러싼 갈등이었다. 이 점은 1925년 부하린의 ‘부자’ 발언 이후 경제 이념 관련 설전이 격화되었던 시기에도 마찬가지였다. 외관상 치열해 보였던 이 논쟁은 사실 스탈린 권력 집중 현상에 문제제기를 위한 수사에 가까웠다.
Abstract
The power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky in the 1920s has been a key topic in the historiography of Soviet politics. A dominant scholarly trend for the topic is to place the struggle within the framework of economic and ideological debates on the construction of socialism and the industrialization drive. Many studies attempt to contrast the idea of Trotsky and his followers as Leftist, who allegedly sought for the dissolution of NEP and the super industrialization, with that of Stalin and his circle as Rightist advocating a moderate stance for that. This paper, based on newly available Russian archival materials and published sources, revisits the assumptions and conclusions of the previous studies. It shows that the economic ideas that the both camps had advanced at that time did not mark fundamental differences. Those were imagined within the boundary of NEP. And theirs had been frequently changed over time and they even switched their positions with each other in certain contexts. The paper argues that the central issue to the power struggle was not in the area of economic ideas but in the sphere of politics, namely, how to handle to the concentration of power on the general secretary, Stalin, within the Party. The economic debates between the two camps were close to a rhetoric for their political arguments.
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