약자에서 강자에게로(du faible au fort): 냉전시기 프랑스 핵개발과 핵전략, 1945-1968
Du Faible au Fort: The French Nuclear development and nuclear strategies, 1945-1968
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
핵무기의 등장이 제 2차 세계대전 이후의 국제정치에 끼친 영향은 분명하다. 하지만 냉전사의 양극적 진술로 인해 미국과 소련을 제외한 국가의 핵개발 역사는 큰 공백으로 남아있다. 양극적 체제의 최초의 이탈자인 프랑스의 핵 개발 역사를 통해 냉전과 양극 체제의 시작과 전개, 종말 뿐 아니라 전후 국민국가의 변모, 국가 권력과 과학 기술의 관계에 대한 의문을 던지는 것이 가능할 것이다. 이런 맥락에서 이 논문은 프랑스 핵개발과 핵전략의 변천을 경험적 차원에서 살펴보고 있다. 먼저 원자력 에너지 위원회가 종전 직후 성립하고 신속한 원자로 건설로 이어지는 과정을 통해 프랑스 핵개발의 과학･기술적 특징을 정리한다. 다음으로 이런 프랑스의 핵개발이 어떤 국내･외적 정치 동학으로 인해 무기화의 방향으로 이행했는지를 특히 유럽 방위 조약의 실패를 중심으로 분석한다. 마지막으로 프랑스 초기 핵전략의 특징과 장･단점을 타격력과 억지력의 군사 교리와 군 내･외부의 다양한 요인에 비추어 설명한다. 일반적으로 드골 시기의 프랑스 핵전략은 프랑스의 위대함(grandeur)을 보여주기 위한 이데올로기 장치로만 이해된다. 하지만 프랑스는 다양한 문화적이고 역사적인 조건과 복잡한 국제 정치 환경에서 독자적인 핵개발을 진행하고 핵전략을 수립했으며 이는 전후 프랑스에서의 국가 형성의 여러 차원과 직･간접적으로 연결되어 있었다.
Abstract
The significance of the nuclear arsenal in the international politics after the World War II is undeniable. The dominant bipolar narrative of the Cold War, however, left a lacuna in the history of nuclear developments in other nations. The first nation to bolt from the bipolar order was arguably France, whose nuclear development offers interesting instances of interpreting the historical unfolding of the bipolar system, the postwar reorganization of the nation-states and the relationship between a techno-scientific regime and a political one. In this context, this article empirically traces the nuclear development in the postwar France in three respects: first, the establishment of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique in 1945 and its prompt success speaks volumes to specifically “French” techno-cultural features; second, the French weaponization phase after 1954 requires particular attention, especially with respect to the European Defense Community Treaty and its ultimate failure; finally, how these socio-political and techno-scientific features ultimately constructed the military doctrine of nuclear weapons, both force de frappe and dissuasion nucléaire. The Gaullist era—and its nuclear strategy—is chiefly remembered in the context of the politics of grandeur. However, it is much more complex cultural history underwriting the French development of the nuclear weapons and strategies, which ultimately calls for an reinterpretation of the postwar rearrangement of the French nation state.
참고문헌 (55)
- "Journal Officiel", ~
- "Annèxe au Bulletin Quotidien de Presse Etrangère", ~
- Rapport Annuel, "Commissariat à l'énergie atomique", L’Edition Artistique, ~, pp.L’Edition Artistique, 1954-60 (1954)
- Rapport d’Activité du Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique du 1er Janvier 1946 au 31 décembre 1950, "Commissariat à l'énergie atomique", Imprimerie Nationale, ~ (1952)
- "Charles de Gaulle Paroles Publiques"[URL]
- Ailleret, Charles, "Unité fondamentale des armements nucléaires et conventionnels", Revue Défense Nationale, 20 (1964)
- Ailleret, Charles, "L’Aventure Atomique Française: Comment naquit la force de frappe" (1968), Grasset
- Bungener, Maurice., "Histoire de l’EDF: Comment se sont prises les décisions de 1946 à nos jours" (1985), Bordas
- 조은정, "EURATOM: Bridging ‘Rapprochement’ and ‘Radiance’of France in the Post-war", JIAS, 20(2), pp.51~65 (2013), 국제학연구소
- Colard, Daniel, "L’Aventure de la Bombe: de Gaulle et la Dissuasion nuclaire, 1958-1969" (1985), Plon
- Craig, Campbell, "The Atomic Bomb and the Origins of the Cold War" (2008), Yale University Press
- Crozier, Michel, "La Société Bloquée" (1964), Fayard
- Doughty, Robet., "The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French army doctrine, 1919-1939" (1985), Archon Books
- Friedman, Norman., "The Fifty-Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War" (2007), Navy Institute Press
- Gaddis, John Lewis, "The Cold War : A New History" (2005), Penguin Press
- Gaddis, John Lewis, "Strategies of Containment : A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War" (2004), Oxford University Press
- Gibbons, Michael, "The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of science and research in contemporary society" (1994), Sage
- Goldschmidt, Bertand, "The Atomic Complex: A worldwide political history of nuclear energy" (1982), American Nuclear Society
- Gunston, Bill, "Bombers of the West" (1973), Charles Scribner's and Sons
- Hect, Gabrielle, "The Radiance of France : Nuclear power and national identity after World War II" (1998), MIT press
- Hitchcock, William, "France Restored : Cold war diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe, 1944-1954" (1998), North Carolina University Press
- Hoffmann, Stanley, "In Search of France" (1963), Harvard University Press
- Hogan, Michael, "A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945-1954" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Holloway, David, "Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-1956" (1994), Yale University Press
- Hopkins, John, "Strategic Views from the Second Tier: The Nuclear Weapons Policies of France, Britain, and China" (1995), Transaction Publishers
- Howorth, Jolyon, "Defense and Dissent in Contemporary France" (1984), Croom Helm
- Hughes, Judith, "To the Maginot Line: The Politics of french military preparations in the 1920s" (2006), Harvard University Press
- Hunner, Jon, "Inventing Los Alamos: The Growth of an Atomic Community" (2004), University of Oklahoma Press
- Kier, Elizabeth, "Imagining War : French and British military doctrine between the wars" (1997), Princeton University press
- Kolodziej, Edward, "SIPRI Yearbook" (1983)
- Kuisel, Richard., "Capitalism and the State in Modern France" (1981), Cambridge University Press
- Jasper, James, "Nuclear Politics : Energy and the state in the United States, Sweden and France" (1990), Princeton University Press
- LaFeber, Walter, "America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2002" (2002), McGraw-Hill
- Larkin, Maurice, "France since the Popular Front : Government and people, 1936-1986" (1988), Clarendon
- Larson, Deborah, "Origins of Containment : A Psychological Explanation" (1989), Princeton University Press
- Lerner, Daniel, "La Qurelle de la EDC" (1956), Armand Colin
- Maier, Charles, "The Truman Presidency" (1991), Cambridge University Press
- Matlary, Janne Haaland, "Denationalisation of Defence: Convergence and diversity" (2007), Ashgate
- Paret, Peter, "Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age" (1986), Princeton University Press
- Paret, Peter, "French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria" (1964), Pall Mall
- Picard, Jean-François., "La République des Savants: La Recherche française et le C.N.R.S." (1990), Flammarion
- Posen, Barry., "The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the World Wars" (1984), Ithaca Cornell University Press
- Radvanyi, Pierre, "La Radioactivité Artificielle et son Histoire" (1984), Point
- Reyn, Sebastian, "Atlantis Lost: The American Experience with De Gaulle, 1958-1969" (2007), University of Chicago Press
- Rhodes, Richard, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" (1986), Simon & Schuster
- Rose, Gideon., "Neo-Classical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy", World Politics, 51 (1995)
- Ruehl, Lothar., "La Politique Militarie de la Ve République" (1976), FNSP
- Scheinman, Lawrence., "Atomic Energy policy in France under the Fourth Republic" (1965), Princton University Press
- Shinn, Terry, "The Triple Helix and New Production of Knowledge: Prepackaged Thinking on Science and Technology", Social Studies of Science, 32 (2002)
- Simmonot, Phillipe, "Les Nucléocrates" (1978), Presses Universitaires de Grenoble
- Smith, Jean Edward, "Eisenhower in War and Peace" (2012), Random House
- Soutou, Georges, "La Politique nucléaire de Pierre Mendès France", Relations Internationales, 59 (1989)
- Trinquier, Roger, "La Guerre Moderne" (1961), Editions de La Table Ronde
- Walker, Mark, "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939-1949" (1993), Cambridge University Press
- Wall, Irwin, "The United States and the making of postwar France, 1945-1954" (1991), Cambridge University Press