일본군 ‘위안부’에 대한 국제범죄와 죄형법정주의
Japanese Military ‘Comfort Women’ and the Principle of Legality
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국제범죄는 그 잔혹성과 대량의 피해에도 불구하고 그 범죄자들은 처벌을 받지 않았었다. 그것은 국제범죄가 국가나 이에 준하는 집단이 관련된 집단범죄라는 점에서 기인한다. 국제형법은 이러한 불처벌(impunity)의 현실을 종식시키기 위하여 국내형법과 다른 특수한 법원리를 발달시켰다. 국제범죄에는 시효가 적용되지 않고, 보편적 관할권(세계주의) 이 인정되며, 대륙법계의 엄격한 죄형법정주의보다는 영미법계의 죄형법정주의에 가깝다. 시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약 제15조 제1항에 의하면 국내법에 의하여 행위당시에 범죄가 아닌 경우에도 그 당시 국제법에 의하여 범죄가 되는 경우에는 형사처벌이가능하며, 제2항은 당시의 법의 일반원칙에 따라 범죄가 되는 경우에 형사처벌을 하는 것도 소급효 금지에 저촉되지 않는다고 규정하고 있다. 우리 헌법 제13조 제1항과 형법 제1조는 대한민국 국회가 만든 법률에 의하여 범죄를 구성하지 않는 경우에는 범죄로 처벌할 수없으며, 이 법률이 제정되어 효력이 발생하기 이전의 행위에 대하여는 소급할 수 없도록 하고 있어서 대륙법계의 엄격한 죄형법정주의를 취하고 있다. 그러나 우리 헌법은 죄형법정주의만을 규정하고 있는 것은 아니다. 헌법 제6조 제1항은 헌법에 의하여 체결⋅공포된 조약과 일반적으로 승인된 국제법규는 국내법과 같은 효력을 가진다고 규정하고 있으므로헌법 제13조 제1항과 제6조 제1항의 조화로운 해석이 필요하다. 우리나라에서 조약과 관습국제법이 그것만을 근거로 형사처벌할 수 있는 형법의 직접적 법원(法源)은 될 수 없어도우리나라가 지금 국내법을 제정하여 제2차 대전 당시의 일본군 ‘위안부’에 대한 국제범죄를 처벌하는 것을 국제인권법이 허용하고, 우리 헌법이 이를 받아들인다는 것을 의미한다.
Abstract
Japanese military ‘comfort women’ is one of the most heinous international crimes which Japanese committed during the World War II. This crime constitutes sexual slavery of crimes against humanity and war crimes. Nonetheless, whether japanese military sexual slavery crime against koreans can be punishable right now by the current Korean Government has been debated because some criminal scholars have been afraid that it might violate the principle of legality which is enshrined in the Korean Constitutional Law. The Article 13(1) of the Constitutional Law provides that no citizen shall be prosecuted for an act which does not constitute a crime under the Act in force at the time it was committed. This approach follows the traditional continental legal family which strictly abides by the prohibition of ex post facto laws. However, the international criminal law has developed under the strong influence from the English-American legal family which recognizes common law crimes and thus is comparatively much freer from the nullum crimen sene lege principle than continental law countries. The Article 15 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that no one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed and nothing in this article shall prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognized by the community of nations. The Article 6(1) of the Constitutional Law provides also that treaties duly concluded and promulgated under the Constitution and the generally recognized rules of international law shall have the same effect as the domestic laws of the Republic of Korea. It is my argument that the harmonious interpretation between the Article 6(1) and 13(1) of the Constitutional Law allows the Korean Parliament to make the law which punishes those who are responsible for the crimes committed against the Japanese military ‘comfort women’.
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