영국 운하 체계의 발전과 쇠퇴 －버밍엄 운하를 중심으로－
The Rise and Decline of Britain's Canal System: With Special References to the Birmingham Canal Navigations
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This paper explores the history of the British canal system to get suggestions about the recent controversy surrounding the Grand Waterway Project. The development of a large inland waterway network was, perhaps, the most important factor behind the industrial revolution in England during the eighteenth century. By the late 1760s after the Duke of Bridgewater’s success canal engineers were considering how a national network could be created, joining London, Liverpool, Bristol and Hull in a cross formation, with Birmingham and the Black Country at its centre. But Birmingham is far from ideally situated to be the centre of a canal network, located as it is on the top of a plateau with steep slopes in all directions. It was this that made the canals essential. The 1790s were the years of the canal mania. But from about 1840 railways began to present a threat to canals. Canal companies were unable to compete against the speed of the new railways. Canals were almost entirely built by private companies with little or no government control. Men or women usually invested in canals for selfish rather than altruistic reasons. Therefore two possible motives may be distinguished: ‘economic’ motive and ‘financial’ motive. The first is the desire to reduce transport costs and the second is the expectation of financial advantage through the receipt at of dividends. The primary concern of the canal companies is the financial interests of their own proprietors. And Investors in canals were widely spread among the socio-occupational classes. The main investors were the landed gentry, merchants, and tradesmen.
Abstract
This paper explores the history of the British canal system to get suggestions about the recent controversy surrounding the Grand Waterway Project. The development of a large inland waterway network was, perhaps, the most important factor behind the industrial revolution in England during the eighteenth century. By the late 1760s after the Duke of Bridgewater’s success canal engineers were considering how a national network could be created, joining London, Liverpool, Bristol and Hull in a cross formation, with Birmingham and the Black Country at its centre. But Birmingham is far from ideally situated to be the centre of a canal network, located as it is on the top of a plateau with steep slopes in all directions. It was this that made the canals essential. The 1790s were the years of the canal mania. But from about 1840 railways began to present a threat to canals. Canal companies were unable to compete against the speed of the new railways. Canals were almost entirely built by private companies with little or no government control. Men or women usually invested in canals for selfish rather than altruistic reasons. Therefore two possible motives may be distinguished: ‘economic’ motive and ‘financial’ motive. The first is the desire to reduce transport costs and the second is the expectation of financial advantage through the receipt at of dividends. The primary concern of the canal companies is the financial interests of their own proprietors. And Investors in canals were widely spread among the socio-occupational classes. The main investors were the landed gentry, merchants, and tradesmen.
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