얄타 회담 다시 보기
Rethinking the Yalta Conference
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1945년 2월 크림 반도에서 열렸던 얄타 회담은 베스트팔렌 체제가 근대 외교의 시대를 연 이후 가장 논란이 되었던 국제 회의였다. 학자들은 이를 주로 차후에 가시화되었던 냉전과의 관련성 속에서만 연구하였다. 일부는 얄타 회담에 냉전 개시의 주 책임을 물으면서, 이 곳에서 이루어진 세 강대국 간의 유럽 및 아시아 분단 결정이 냉전을 야기한 것이라고 믿었다. 다른 학자들은 얄타 회담을 더 긍정적으로 바라보며, 이는 협력적인 향후 전후 국제 질서의 초안을 놓은 것으로 평가하였다. 이들에게 냉전은 오히려 얄타의 합의가 깨져 나가는 과정이었다. 본 연구는 사뭇 다른 결론을 내리고 있는 이 두 가지 경향에 공통적 한계가 있다고 주장한다. 즉, 기존 연구들은 얄타를 냉전과의 관련성 속에서만 탐구한 나머지, 실상 그것이 전시의 회담이었다는 점을 간과하였다. 따라서 그들은 전쟁 중 회담들에서 중요한 역할을 했지만 훗날 냉전의 주인공은 아니었던 영국이라는 요소를 배제하고, 오로지 그 회담을 미소 관계의 결과로만 바라보았다. 또 하나, 그들은 얄타에서 유럽과 동아시아 문제가 별개의 차원에서 논의되었다는 사실 역시 간과했다. 얄타 회담에서 논의된 유럽 문제는 다른 지역, 특히 동아시아 지역에 기준이 되었던 것이 아니라, 오히려 예외에 해당되었다. 본고는 위와 같은 기존 연구의 공통적 한계점을 보완하면서 얄타 회담에 대한 새로운 내러티브를 썼다. 그 과정에서 얄타 회담과 한반도 분단 문제가 가지는 연관성 역시 검토했다.
Abstract
This study is an attempt to revisit the so-called Yalta Conference held on February 4 to 11 on the peninsula of Crimea. The conference, arguably, the most controversial international conference in the era of modern diplomacy, has been treated by historians and international studies specialists mostly in relations to the Cold War origins. Some scholars blame the occasion as demarcating the division of Europe and East Asia and consequently causing the Cold War. Others assess the conference as being successful in building a cooperative postwar world order. To them, betrayals of the Yalta agreements, made by either the US or the Soviet Union later, were the ones that generated the Cold War. Both approaches, while producing opposing conclusions, actually share the same limitations; they tend to overlook the British factor in the road to the Yalta conference and basically see the occasion as a bilateral meeting. Also, they are not keen in recognizing the differences between European and East Asian issues discussed before and during the conference. This study places the conference in the context of the war diplomacy during the Second World War and offer an alternative narrative on its background, significance and, ultimately, impacts on the postwar world affairs. In doing so, it also attempts to shed some light on the origins of the division of the Korean peninsula.
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