모바일 게이트키퍼 관련 경쟁제한성 문제의 최근 논의
A Competition Analysis on Mobile Gatekeepers
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초록
최근 디지털 생태계에서의 역동적 효율성 증진과 같은 긍정적인 효과와 함께 다양한 경쟁제한적 문제들이 논의되고 있다. 특히, 디지털 생태계에서 발생하는 다양한 경쟁제한행위에 대한 기존 경쟁법의 적용과 효과에 대해서 부정적인 시각이 있으며, 이러한 이유로 새로운 디지털 법률을 논의하기도 한다. 하지만 모바일을 포함한 디지털 생태계는 지속적으로 진화하고 있으며, 이러한 특징은 경쟁정책을 수립하는 데 고려되어야 한다. 예컨대, 새로운 디지털플랫폼의 구조 혹은 체계와 경쟁증진, 대체서비스 또는 보완서비스의 등장이나, 잠재적 시장진입, 플랫폼의 경쟁과 생존에 필요한 기술적, 경제적, 사회적 요소들이 고려되어야 한다. 이러한 요소들은 파괴적 혁신과 관련이 깊다. 그런데 디지털 분야에서 언제 어떻게 파괴적 혁신이 등장할 지 예측하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 따라서 모바일 분야와 같은 디지털 생태계에서 게이트키퍼의 현재 지위가 신규경쟁에 의해 어떻게 제한될지 예측하는 것은 어렵다. 따라서 유럽연합의 디지털시장법(DMA)과 같이, 경제분석 없는 경쟁압력 및 경쟁제한성 판단기준은 디지털 생태계에서의 파괴적 혁신에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있다. 그러므로 효과적인 경쟁법집행 및 경쟁정책 수립을 위해, 융복합적인 접근방법으로 지속적으로 진화하는 디지털 생태계를 연구하고 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 역사적으로 경쟁법은 새로운 분야 혹은 산업이 등장하면서 발생하는 독점문제를 해결하기 위해 발전하였다. 무엇보다, 모바일 생태계도 시대의 흐름에 따라 발전하는 분야이며, 모바일 게이트키퍼의 행위가 경쟁제한적인 결과를 발생시키는 경우에는 충분히 기존 경쟁법의 적용이 가능하다. 다만, 현재 모바일 생태계에서의 경쟁제한성의문제가 경쟁법과 정책에서 어려운 과제가 되고 있는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 최근 유럽연합과영국에서 논의하는 모바일 생태계 분석내용은 향후 우리나라 경쟁당국이 경쟁제한분석에 필요한 비교형량 기준을 설정하는 데 참고가 될 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
We have seen certain benefits like dynamic efficiency and shortcomings, including anti-competitive outcomes, in several digital or mobile ecosystems. In particular, some critics argue that the existing competition law cannot be effectively applicable to prohibit anti-competitive conducts in mobile ecosystems, which eventually led to a discussion on a new digital regulation, such as the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). However, before considering a new regulation, it is essential to understand that digital ecosystems, including the mobile ecosystem, continuously evolve. Among other things, we need to examine the structures and frameworks of digital or mobile platforms and their competition improvement, the alternative or supplementary services, the potential market entry, the technological, economic, and social elements for competition and their survival. The elements above deeply relate to dynamic competition. Nevertheless, it is not easy to predict when and how disruptive innovation may occur. Likewise, it is unpredictable whether the current power of mobile gatekeepers can be limited by new entrants and competition. Therefore, an absence of economic analysis on competitive constraints and a lack of assessment of competitive effects, as shown in the DMA, may generate various negative effects on disruptive innovation. It is thus necessary to study the evolving digital ecosystems in order to have effective competition law enforcement and to establish a sound competition policy. From a historical perspective, competition law has developed to solve the monopoly problems that stem from the newly developing industries. The area of mobile or digital ecosystems is also part of new industries. Therefore, it is possible to apply the current competition law to any anti-competitive conducts, including those in digital ecosystems. Recently, the topic of competition law for digital ecosystems has become one of the difficult issues. The study on digital ecosystems in Europe and the UK may help the Korean competition policymakers develop an appraisal standard of competitive effects in digital or mobile ecosystems. This work focuses on the recent development of analyses on digital ecosystems and mobile gatekeepers.
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