韓․中․日 中世時期 度量衡制 比較 硏究

Abstract

This paper deals with system of weights and measures in medieval Korean, China and Japan by the comparative method. Firstly, the measuring instruments in medieval Korea, China and Japan were made at central and local government offices under state control. The central managements were undertaken by the Bureau of the Capital Markets(京市署, Gyeongsiseo) in Goryeo dynasty, Court of the Imperial Treasury(太府寺, Tàifǔsì) and Ministry of Works(工部, Gōngbù) in Song and Yuan dynasty and Ministry of the Treasury(大蔵省, Ōkura-shō) in Heian and Kamakura periods. And the local of 國司 were assumed by each major region. Secondly, Chon-Cheok(寸尺) were centrally used as the units of the ruler(尺) in the medieval. Goryeo dynasty did not divided them separately, and so used commonly the big ruler of Tang dynasty(唐大尺) as the woodworking ruler(營造尺), the fabric measuring ruler(布帛尺), the land surveying ruler(量田尺), etc. After the 12th century, there were finally various ruler such as the land surveying ruler and the woodworking ruler(=the fabric measuring ruler), etc. And the golden ruler(金尺) was used as a decoration and the finger length ruler(指尺) was used as the land surveying ruler. Keeping to use the ruler used in the Tang dynasty, Song dynasty used widely it while calling ‘the three office’s ruler(三司尺)’ or ‘the three offices’ cotton and silk ruler(三司布帛尺)’, etc. And the small ruler(小尺) used in Tang dynasty was used for an astronomy. The name of ruler in Yuan dynasty was not known, but its length was slightly longer than that in Song dynasty. The big ruler of Tang dynasty and the ruler of Goguryeo(高句麗尺) have been used in Heian and Kamakura periods, The ruler of Korea, China and Japan, as their common characteristic, was somewhat longer than ever and have not names by use as yet. Thirdly, in the medieval, the volume units of less than Du(斗) were the same, but there was also difference in each country. In Goryeo, 15Du=1Seok(石), while in Song and Yuan Dynasty and Heian and Kamakura periodes, 10Du=1Seok. Song dynasty, however, calculated as 1Gok(斛)=5Du. And the volume of 1Seung(升) was about 0.34ℓ in Goryeo, while in Song and Yuan dynasty was about 0.7ℓ~1ℓ, and in Heian and Kamakura periods was about 1.1ℓ, 1.4ℓ. Fourthly, the scale unit in the medieval was 1 Geun(斤), which was 16 Ryang(兩). Considering the introduction of scale of Yuan to Goryeo and decimal system in Gyeongguk Daejeon (經國大典), it suggested that Goryeo used decimal system in units less than Ryang and Song and Yuan used also decimal system. And It is more likely that the medieval Japan also did the same. The weight of 1 Geun was about 600g, in which there were no much difference.