패널 자료를 이용한 교육이 비만에 미치는 효과 분석
Effect of education on obesity: Quantile regression approach
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본 연구는 교육이 비만으로 측정한 건강수준에 미치는 영향을 추정하기 위하여 기존 연구에서 사용하지 않은 새로운 방법론을 이용하여 분석하고자 한다. 자료는 미국 위스콘신의 패널 자료에서 추출한 3,065명의 남녀 표본에 대한 비만, 최종 학위로 측정한 교육 수준, 고등학생 시절의 개인 및 부모님의 특성을 이용하였다. 먼저, 비만의 척도로 사용되는 체질량지수(BMI)의 특성을 이용하여 기존 연구에서 중점적으로 다룬 체질량지수의 평균값과 더불어 체질량 지수의 분포 전체에 미치는 영향을 분위수회귀법으로 분석하였다. 다음으로, 교육과 비만 간의 인과 관계를 유추하기 위하여 형제·자매의 비만 측정을 통한 유전적 요인을 추가로 고려하였다. 또한 교육이 비만에 미치는 효과가 소득효과에 기인한 것인지를 추정하고자 청소년기 부모의 소득 및 중년기 소득을 고려하였다. 본 연구에서는 교육 수준이 높을수록 과체중 및 비만을 나타내는 체질량지수의 상위 분포에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 보이고 특히 학사 학위 이상의 교육이 유의한 효과를 가져옴을 보였다. 대안적 분석을 위하여 사용한 도구변수 분위수 회귀분석과 무조건부 분위수 회귀분석, 내생성 편향성 검정을 통해서 교육이 비만에 미치는 효과가 강건하며 이러한 결과는 교육 년수의 증가보다 대학 교육의 완성이 중요하다는 것을 보여준다.
Abstract
This study investigates whether and to what extent education level is associated with obesity using a novel approach of quantile regressions. Based on the sample of 3,065 individuals from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study and the details of educational attainment, body mass index (BMI), and family background in high school, we examine how education level is associated with the distribution of BMI in middle age. In order to control for genetic and childhood environmental factors that are likely associated with BMI in adulthood, we include sibling’s BMI and other family characteristics in the model. As a potential channel of education effect on BMI, we consider income effect by including parental income in high school and own middle-age income. We find that university education is significantly and negatively associated with BMI with a larger effect at the upper quantile of the BMI distribution. For sensitivity test, we consider alternative estimation approaches including instrumental variable quantile regression, unconditional quantile regression, and inequality test between lower and upper quantile points. The robust findings of education effect at the university level substantiate the important role of education in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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