자본구조의 조정속도 : 기업 특성과 불확실성에 따른 차이
The Speed of Capital Structure Adjustment of Korean Listed Firms: Heterogeneity Across Firm Characteristics and Uncertainty
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초록
본 논문은 2003~2022년 동안 비금융 상장기업을 대상으로 자본구조의 조정속도에 대한 실증분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과 부채비율의 조정속도는 목표 부채비율과 실제 부채비율의 괴리에 따라 비대칭적인 특성을 보이는데 목표 부채비율에 비해 부채비율이 높은기업의 조정속도가 부채비율이 낮은 기업의 조정속도보다 높음을 확인하였다. 정책 불확실성으로 고려한 거시적 불확실성은 부채비율이 목표 부채비율보다 낮은 경우 유의미하게조정속도를 높이는 것으로 추정되었으며, 개별기업의 위험도 조정속도를 높이는 효과가있는 것으로 확인되었다. 기업 특성별로 구분하여 분석하면 금융제약에 직면한 기업 그리고 성장성이 높은 기업의 부채비율은 목표 부채비율로 빠르게 수렴하는 것으로 추정되었다. 그리고 투자지출과 현금흐름이 조정속도에 미치는 영향은 실제 부채비율과 목표 부채비율 사이의 괴리에 따라 비대칭적임을 확인하였다. 논문의 추정 결과는 조정속도의 추정에 있어 불확실성과 기업 특성에 따른 차별성을 고려해야 함을 시사한다.
Abstract
This paper analyses the speed of capital structure adjustment for non-financial listed firms in Korea. Using firm-level annual data from 2003 to 2022, we find that the adjustment process is asymmetric in the sense that firms with above-target leverage (i.e. over-levered firms) exhibit faster speed of adjustment compared to firms with below-target leverage (i.e. under-levered firms.) Moreover, macro uncertainty measured by economic policy uncertainty increases the adjustment speed for under-levered firms, but not over-levered firms. Firm level risk also plays a role in accelerating leverage adjustment. Financially constrained firms as well as fast growing firms move toward the target leverage faster. The effects of capital expenditure and cash flow on the speed of adjustment are asymmetric between over-levered and under-levered firms. The empirical findings suggest the importance of uncertainty factors as well as firm characteristics in estimating the speed of capital structure adjustment.
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