Origin of Korean People and DNA Tracking
2
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In the book, “The Origins of Koreans” published in 2011, I had argued that mainstream Koreans came down from Siberia, and they spoke proto-Altaic language, from the archaeological and genetic anthropological perspectives. I revised its main conclusion in this paper to adopt new observations made in the ancient DNA field. There are two dominant ancestral components are found among East Asian populations; Northern East Asian and Southern East Asian components and they are all descendants of anatomically modern Homo sapiens originated in Africa. I maintained a conjecture that people evolved in peri-Baikal lake to Mongolia region during the last Ice Age provide basic Northern East Asian genetic component to explain ‘cold adapted feature of Mongolian’, and then they had mixed with people who migrated up to this area after taking southern route (Southern East Asian component). After the end of Ice Age, they expanded into the several regions, including the Liao river valley, where they established Hongshan culture. Y chromosome haplogroup O2b and O2b1 show a branch of them evolved there and invaded Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago, where Jomon were living since 38,000 years ago. I propose to name the population who developed Hongshan culture, the Liao River Ghost Population, to compare them with the Yangtze River Ghost Population and the Yellow River Ghost Population, the terms David Reich coined to explain Chinese population history. Many unsolved questions on genetic and cultural phenomena, such as differences between Korean language and Chinese, could be solved if Liao River Ghost Population is characterized genetically. Further studies are needed to justify this conjecture, particularly by analysis of ancient DNAs from bones excavated from sites of Hongshan culture.
Abstract
In the book, “The Origins of Koreans” published in 2011, I had argued that mainstream Koreans came down from Siberia, and they spoke proto-Altaic language, from the archaeological and genetic anthropological perspectives. I revised its main conclusion in this paper to adopt new observations made in the ancient DNA field. There are two dominant ancestral components are found among East Asian populations; Northern East Asian and Southern East Asian components and they are all descendants of anatomically modern Homo sapiens originated in Africa. I maintained a conjecture that people evolved in peri-Baikal lake to Mongolia region during the last Ice Age provide basic Northern East Asian genetic component to explain ‘cold adapted feature of Mongolian’, and then they had mixed with people who migrated up to this area after taking southern route (Southern East Asian component). After the end of Ice Age, they expanded into the several regions, including the Liao river valley, where they established Hongshan culture. Y chromosome haplogroup O2b and O2b1 show a branch of them evolved there and invaded Korean peninsula and Japanese archipelago, where Jomon were living since 38,000 years ago. I propose to name the population who developed Hongshan culture, the Liao River Ghost Population, to compare them with the Yangtze River Ghost Population and the Yellow River Ghost Population, the terms David Reich coined to explain Chinese population history. Many unsolved questions on genetic and cultural phenomena, such as differences between Korean language and Chinese, could be solved if Liao River Ghost Population is characterized genetically. Further studies are needed to justify this conjecture, particularly by analysis of ancient DNAs from bones excavated from sites of Hongshan culture.
참고문헌 (57)
- 권중혁, "유라시아어의 기원과 한국어" (2013), 퍼플출판
- 방민규, "고인골 자료로 본 시베리아 연바이칼 지역의 신석기시대 생계체계의 변화양상에 대한 연구", 한국 시베리아연구, 24(1), pp.143~178 (2020), 한국-시베리아센터[DOI]
- 방민규, "북극해 연안 소수 원주민의 치아인류학 특징", 한국 시베리아연구, 22(2), pp.181~207 (2018), 한국-시베리아센터
- 손성태, "우리민족의 이동 흔적(2): 알류산열도에서 캐나다 서해안까지", 한국 시베리아연구, 20(1), pp.65~102 (2016), 한국-시베리아센터
- "ASHG Denounces attempts to link genetics and racial supremacy", Am J Hum Genet, 103, pp.636~ (2018)
- Anikovich MV, "Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and implications for the dispersal of modern humans", Science, 315, pp.223~226 (2007)
- Balaresque P, "Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success : young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations", Eur J Hum Genet., 23, pp.1413~1422 (2015)
- Browning SR, "Analysis of human sequence data reveals two pulses of archaic Denisovan admixture", Cell, 73, pp.53~61 (2018)
- Cann RL, "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution", Nature, 325, pp.31~36 (1987)
- Fahu Chen, "A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau", Nature, 569(7756), pp.409~412 (2019), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
- Cysouw M, "Phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from Africa", Science, 335, pp.657~ (2012)
- Dediu D, "Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, pp.10944~10949 (2007)
- Dennell R, "Dating of hominin discoveries at Denisova", Nature, 565, pp.571~572 (2019)
- Diamond J, "Farmers and their languages : the first expansions", Science, 300, pp.597~603 (2003)
- Didieu D., "The Language Phenomenon" (2013), Springer-Verlag
- Douka K, "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave", Nature, 565, pp.640~644 (2019)
- Dryer MS, "Large Linguistic Areas and Language Sampling", Studies in Language, 13, pp.257~292 (1989)
- Eldredge N, "Models in Paleobiology" (1972), Freeman Cooper
- Fu Q, "Genome sequence of a 45, 000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", Nature, 514, pp.445~449 (2014)
- "Jomon genome sheds light on East Asian population history"[URL]
- Goebel T, "Anthropology; The missing years for modern humans", Science, 315, pp.194~196 (2007)
- Jeong C, "Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe", Proc Natl Acad Sci., 115, pp.E11248~E11255 (2018)
- Kibisild T, "The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA", Hum Genet, 136, pp.529~546 (2017)
- Soon-Hee Kim, "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea", Investigative Genetics, 2(1), pp.10~ (2011), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
- Krause J, "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia", Nature, 464, pp.894~897 (2010)
- Lawler A, "Beyond the Yellow River : How China became China", Science, 325, pp.930~935 (2009)
- Lee HK, "The Origin of Koreans" (2011), Woori History Research Foundation
- Tiago R. Magalhães, "HGDP and HapMap Analysis by Ancestry Mapper Reveals Local and Global Population Relationships", PLoS ONE, 7(11), pp.e49438~ (2012), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
- Marks J, "What it means to be 98% chimpanzee" (2002), University of California Press
- Mekel-Bobrov N, "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens", Science, 309, pp.1720~1722 (2005)
- Moorjani P, "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", Am J Hum Genet, 93, pp.422~438 (2013)
- Ning C, "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration", Nat Commun, 11, pp.2700~ (2020)
- Pääbo S., "Search of Lost Genomes" (2014), Basic Books
- Pagel M, "Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia", PNAS, 110, pp.8471~8476 (2013)
- Poloni ES, "Languages and genes: Modes of transmission observed through the analysis of male-specific and female-specific genes", Proceedings: Evolution of Language, 3rd International Conference 3–6 April 2000, pp.185~186 (2000), École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications
- Qing P, "Denisovan ancestry in East Eurasian and Native American populations", Mol Biol Evol, 32, pp.2665~2674 (2015)
- Raghavan M, "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans", Nature, 505, pp.87~91 (2014)
- Rasmussen M, "An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia", Science, 334, pp.94~98 (2011)
- Reich D., "Who We Are and How We Got Here" (2018), Pantheon Books
- Robbeets M, "Language Dispersal Beyond Farming" (2017), John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Roebroeks W, "Time for the Middle to Upper Paleolthic transition in Europe", J Hum Evol, 55, pp.918~926 (2008)
- Alan R. Rogers, "Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(37), pp.9859~9863 (2017), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences[DOI]
- Røyrvik EC, "mtDNA diversity in human populations highlights the merit of haplotype matching in gene therapies", Mol Hum Reprod, 22, pp.809~817 (2016)
- Laurent Sagart, "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(21), pp.10317~10322 (2019), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences[DOI]
- Sikora M, "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleitocene", Nature (2019)
- Veronika Siska, "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago", Science Advances, 3(2), pp.e1601877~ (2017), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Takeuchi F, "The fine-scale genetic structure and evolution of the Japanese population", PLoS One, 12, pp.e0185487~ (2017)[DOI]
- Underhill PA, "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", Eur J Hum Genet, 23, pp.124~131 (2015)
- Chuan-Chao Wang, "Inferring human history in East Asia from Y chromosomes", Investigative Genetics, 4(1), pp.11~ (2013), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
- Wang Y, "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations", Hereditas, 155, pp.19~ (2018)[DOI]
- Wong EH, "Reconstructing genetic history of Siberian and Northeastern European populations", Genome Research, 27, pp.1~14 (2017)
- Patrick C. M. Wong, "The Derived Allele of ASPM Is Associated with Lexical Tone Perception", PLoS ONE, 7(4), pp.e34243~ (2012), Public Library of Science (PLoS)[DOI]
- Xu S, "Genomic dissection of population substructure of Han Chinese and its implication in association studies", Am J Hum Genet, 85, pp.762~774 (2009)
- Melinda A. Yang, "Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China", Science, pp.eaba0909~ (2020), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Melinda A. Yang, "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia", Current Biology, 27(20), pp.3202~3208.e9 (2017), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- He Yu, "Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia", Cell, 181(6), pp.1232~1245.e20 (2020), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Zhang M, "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic", Nature, 569, pp.112~115 (2019)