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몽골의 할당제 정책에 투영된 젠더의 중층결정 (over-determination of gender), 혹은 이론적 과제: 1990-2016년 민주 정부 시기의 할당제 변화 과정을 중심으로

Theoretical challenges, or over-determination of gender in the Mongolia’s quotas policy: A historical review, 1990-2016

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이 글은 1990년 민주화 이후 실시된 몽골의 할당제 정책을 역사적인 관점에서 검토하고, 여성의 대표성 향상을 위한 이론적 과제가 무엇인지를 제안한다. 20세기 말 페미니즘의 문제의식은 생물학적 ‘섹스(Sex)’에서 사회문화적 ‘젠더(Gender)’로 이동 – 양자의 교차가능성을 부인하는 것은 아니지만 – 한다. 그러나 몽골에서 이러한 문제의식은 1990년대 민주화를 경험하면서 동시대적으로 논의·수용되며, 여성의 정치적 대표성 향상을 위한 할당제 역시 충분한 논의를 생략한 채 목적론적으로 채택된다. 그런 이유로 공공영역에서 여성의 정치적 대표성 여부는 생물학적 여성의 ‘참여비율로만’ 환원되는 문제점이 발생하기도 한다. 필자들은 이러한 문제를 이론적인 차원에서 ‘젠더의 중층결정(over-determination of Gender)’으로 개념화하고, 이러한 현상에서 비롯되는 이론적 과제가 무엇인지를 분석한다.

Abstract

‘Sex’ and ‘gender’ are important terms that are often used interchangeably in scientific literature and even legislation, but they are two profoundly different concepts. In theory, sex refers to the characteristics that are biologically determined, whereas gender refers to socially or culturally constructed aspects. Many scholars in the 1970s turned their point of view from biologically determined aspects(sex) to socio-culturally constructed aspects(gender). However, in Mongolia, these perspectives have been almost contemporarily discussed since its democratization in the early 1990s. Related policies are adopted objectively according to the will of the newly launched government without sufficient discussion of the difference between the two terms. For this reason, not only these two concepts, which may conflict with each other, are often mistakenly used, but also ambiguous over-determination of gender, especially by sex, is projected into the relevant policies, including the quotas policy. In this paper we define this singularity as ‘over-determination of gender’ with sex, and analyze theoretical challenges of the Mongolia’s quotas policy to increase women’s representation.

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