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몽골의 정치발전: 몽골 민주주의의 예외성을 중심으로

Political Development in Mongolia: The Exceptionality of Mongolian Democracy

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초록

몽골의 민주주의는 민주주의의 전제조건(중산층, 의회민주주의 경험, 복수 정당, 언론의 자유, 시장경제 등등)들이 열악한 상태에서도 헌법적 민주주의 혹은 헌법의 절차에 따라 순항하고 있다. 몽골은 2022년 현재 아홉 번의 총선과 여덟 번의 대선을 평화적으로 치렀을 뿐만아니라 평화적인 정권교체가 여러 번 이뤄졌다. 바로 이런 점들이 “몽골 민주주의의 변형적 사례”(Deviant Cases of Democratization) 즉 “몽골 민주주의의 예외성”을 보여준다고 한다. 그러므로 몽골의 경우 절차적‧형식적 민주주의는 성숙하다고 말할 수 있을 것이다. 문제는 그런 형식적 절차와 실제적 내용에 대한 평가가 일치하지 않다는 데 있다. 그 불일치의 이유를 분석하기 위해서 본 연구는 내재적 접근에 따라 한편으로 민주주의의 초석이 되는 헌법 그리고 헌법을 둘러싼 문제점들과 다른 한편으로 정치과정에서 드러난 문제점들을 중심으로 몽골 민주주의의 예외성에 대해 비판적으로 다룬다. 결과적으로 몽골의 민주주의는 “후진적 민주화”(backward democratization)다. 즉 몽골 민주주의는 공고화에 연착륙보다는 “후진적 민주화”의 수준에 지체되어 있다.

Abstract

Mongolia's democracy is cruising according to constitutional democracy or constitutional procedures, even when the prerequisites for democracy (middle class, parliamentary democracy experience, multiple parties, freedom of the press, market economy, etc.) are poor. As of 2022, Mongolia has peacefully held nine general elections and eight presidential elections, as well as several peaceful regime changes. It is said that these points show the “Deviant Cases of Democratization”, that is, “the exceptionality of Mongolian democracy.”Therefore, in the case of Mongolia, it can be said that procedural and formal democracy is mature. The problem is that the formal procedure and the evaluation of the actual content do not match. In order to analyze the reason for the inconsistency, this study critically deals with the Mongolian democracy exceptionality, focusing on the constitution, which is the cornerstone of democracy, on the one hand, the problems surrounding the constitution, and the problems revealed in the political process, on the other hand, according to the intrinsic approach. As a result, Mongolia's democracy is "backward democratization". In other words, Mongolian democracy is lagging behind at the level of “backward democratization” rather than a soft landing in consolidation.

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