동중서의 공사론

Abstract

The purpose of this study is not simply to read perspective on the public and the private in the ideology of Dong Zhongshu, but to show how his perspective on the public and the private is distinctive in the change of the Confucian ideology and in the change of the times and how it differs from perspective on the public and the private in the previous era, What is significance is to analyze. Confucius tried to restore the Rites-music(禮樂) which is the principle of the Patriarchal clan system(宗法) system and the Feudal system (封建) system of Western Zhou dynasty, but he created another thought. And, unlike Mencius and Xunzi who succeeded him, it is necessary to first analyze why Dong Zhongshu's ideas that have approached the new system and framework should be formed. Then, this paper interprets his perspective on the public and the private in the idea of such Dong Zhongshu. Imperial Confucianism had to be different from the Confucianism in the Pre-Chin(先秦) periods. Thoughts applied to the whole continents were needed, which should be based on the principles of everything that exists, as well as humans, rather than ideas that originate from human nature itself. Because Confucianism, which is based on the Patriarchal clan system(宗法) system and the Feudal system(封建) system in the Pre-Chin(先秦) periods has the characteristic of expanding universality from family to nation, but ImperialConfucianism should have the characteristics that the driving force of government should be in the empire rather than the family, and its power should be in the empire. In Confucianism before Chin(秦), if publicity can be said to be in moral subjects, the attitude of the king, Dong Zhongshu(董仲舒) can say that the publicity is in heaven(天). Those who has become king at the Mandate of Heaven(天命) must be moral, and he must rule over the people according to heavenly principles. The king's power came from heaven. Dong Zhongshu secured the absoluteness of the monarchy, but its absoluteness could not escape the way of heaven. While Mencius focused on the spontaneity of the king's "public attitude", Dong Zhongshu provided a mechanism to prevent the king from arbitrarily tyranny by using portents(災異) and omen(符命). While it is the attitude of individuals to determine what is the public and the private to Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, for Dong Zhongshu, the public is the principle of heaven(天) rather than the attitude of the individual. Since it is human's duty to follow the Mandate of Heaven, Heaven(天) itself becomes the standard of the public before the attitude of human beings, and then follows the standard. In other words, for Dong Zhongshu, the nature and attitude of the individual corresponds to the sub-principle of heaven(天).