1930년대 멕시코의 카르데나스 체제: 포퓰리즘과 민주주의 재고
Mexico’s Cardenismo in the 1930s: Populism and Democracy Revisited.
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이 논문은‘고전적’포퓰리즘의 사례로 지목되어온 1930년대 멕시코의 카르데나스체제가 그런 범주에 적합한지를 비판적으로 검토하고 카르데나스 집권기와 더불어 포퓰리즘체제의 특성에 대한 논의가 민주주의의 의미를 재고하는 데 어떻게 기여할 수 있을지 살펴보고자 한다. 1930년대 카르데나스 체제는 대중을 민주주의적 정치 과정에 통합하고 정치적 지분을 제공하며 생활조건의 향상을 지향한 멕시코혁명의 산물이었다. 더 엄밀히 말해 카르데나스는 정치적 기반을 다지기 위해 대중을 동원했다기보다는 이미 혁명기에 대규모로 동원된 바 있는 대중의 개혁 요구에 부응함으로써 혁명의 유산을 강화했다. 이런 점에서 카르데나스 체제는 아르헨티나의 페론 체제, 브라질의 바르가스 집권기 등 다른‘고전적’포퓰리즘 체제의 경우와 달랐다. 요컨대 정치적 지배 유형과 전략으로서 포퓰리즘의 특성에 비춰볼때, 카르데나스 체제는 그 본류에서 벗어나는 사례였고 위로부터 추진한 대중 통합 기획인 동시에 자발적인 대중 조직 활성화의 서막이었다고 평가할 수 있다.
Abstract
This article tries to clarify characteristics and definition of populism in Latin America with a special focus on Mexico’s cardenismo in the 1930s that has been considered one of its classical cases. Conventional approach suggests that populism is defined as a top-down strategy of political mobilization based on more direct and unmediated ties between charismatic leaders and mass followers. Populism is also characterized by simplistic political rhetoric, eclectic ideology, and redistributive economic projects. The presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940) in Mexico, which coincided with the years of global left-wing resurgence in response to the Great Depression and to the fascist threats, has generally been considered to be the country’s first successful populist regime. Cárdenas demonstrated his populist character,not to speak of unprecedented intensive campaign tours, by continuing to travel around numerous rural villages throughout his presidency to listen directly to the villagers’ complaints and suggestions. During his sexenio,Cárdenas actively incorporated most of agrarian and labor groups as junior partners of his regime by promoting extensive reform programs and nationalist development policy. He left indelible image as a popular and even messianic leader while responding to popular needs erupted from the revolutionary movement. In sum, cardenismo was more an outcome of the Mexican Revolution since 1910 than a classical Latin American populist politics. Furthermore, Cárdenas’ example shed light on how mass politics and even populism could be regarded as not only a state-driven project but also an opening for popular organization activities that supplements the alienating effects of formality of representative politics.
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