16세기 아스테카 제국의 정치적 식민화: 변화인가 연속인가?
The political colonization of Aztec Empire during the 16th century: Change or Continuity?
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이 논문은 정복 이후 아스테카 제국의 식민화에 대해서 정치적 과정을 중심으로 분석하고자 한다. 아스테카 제국을 정복한 스페인인들은 피정복민인 원주민을 지배하기 위해 그들의삶을 변화시키거나 이용하면서 식민지의 제도를 정착시켜나갔다. 그 과정은 연속의 과정이자동시에 변화의 과정이었다. 먼저 연속의 과정으로 보면, 스페인인들은 아스테카 제국의 기본적인 정치조직인 알테페틀을 토대로 정치 행정조직들을 만들어나갔다. 그 과정에서 아스테카 제국의 지배계층이었던 원주민 귀족들 중 일부는 식민지의 정치 행정을 담당하는 인력으로 이용되면서 식민지에서도 계속 중요한 세력으로 자리 잡았다. 변화의 과정으로 보자면, 카빌도 같은 아스테카 제국에는 없는 새로운 제도가 만들어졌으며, 스페인 왕의 임명을 받은 코레히도르라는 새로운 관리가 등장하여 식민지의 지방행정을 담당했다. 그런데 여기서 중요한 것은 이러한 변화들이나 연속적인 측면들 모두가 아스테카 제국의 식민화 과정의 일환이었다는 점이다. 알테페틀은 식민지 정치조직의 근간이 되었으며, 원주민 지배계층은 식민지의 지배질서에 동참하기는 했지만 유럽인 지배자들에게 종속된 신분으로서 그들의 하수인으로 전락했다. 이러한 점이 정복 후 아스테카 제국이 겪은 변화와 연속의 진정한 의미이다.
Abstract
This article tries to analyse the colonization of Aztec Empire during the16th after the conquest, focused on the political aspects. Europeans establishedcolonial systems to govern the indigenous people, using or changing Indigenousinstitutions. First of all, as for the continuous process, the Spanish made a politicalstructure on the basis of Altepetl which had been an important political unit ofAztec Empire. And the part of Indigenous ruling class of Aztec Empire played aimportant part in the politics of colony area. They survived and became colonialofficials. As far as the changing procedure, cabildo, a new political system wasorganized in the municipal government and corregidor was appointed by theking to control the local government of the colony. By the way, the important thingis that all of these processes formed the part of colonization. Altepetl was usedof an basis of the politics of the colony and the indigenous ruling class weresubordinated to the spanish. This is the real meaning of the transformation andthe continuity which Aztec Empire had undergone after the conquest.
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