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지배권과 소유권의 차이로 측정한 기업지배구조와 기업의 보수주의 사이의 관계

The Association between the Wedge between Voting Right and Cash Flow Right and Conservatism

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주제분류회계학

초록

본 연구는 지배권과 소유권의 차이로 측정한 기업의 지배구조 수준과 보수주의 정도 사이의 관련성을 조사하였다. 한국 기업의 지배구조는 피라미드 형태의 계열사 형태와 계열사 사이의 상호출자에 의한 지배주주의 간접지배라는 두가지 특징을 가지고 있다. 그 결과 소유주 또는 지배주주의 소유권(즉 기업의 현금흐름 중 자신의 실질지분율)은 상대적으로 적은 반면, 지배권(즉 지배주주의 계열사간 상호출자, 특수 관계자 등을 통한 간접 통제권을 반영한 지분율)은 상대적으로 높다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 이러한 지분율 괴리도가 크다면 지배주주가 소액주주의 권리를 침해하여 자신의 사적 이익을 추구할 가능성이 높아지게 된다. 따라서 기업의 보수주의 정도는 감소할 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 가설을 실증자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 한국의 경우 이러한 지배구조의 문제점이 매우 심각하며, 보수주의가 재무보고의 품질을 나타내는 종합적인 측정치라는 것을 고려하면 본 연구의 중요성이 이해될 수 있다. 분석한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 첫째, 지분율 괴리도와 보수주의의 정도 사이에는 유의적인 음(-)의 상관관계가 있었다. 즉 지배권이 소유권보다 높으면 높을수록 기업의 보수주의 정도가 감소한다는 것이다. 둘째, 이러한 발견은 다른 여러 가지 민감도 분석에서도 강건성을 가지고 있었다. 셋째, 지배권과 소유권을 별도의 변수로 분리하여 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 지배권의 계수값은 유의적인 음(-)의 값을, 소유권의 계수값은 유의적인 양(+)의 값을 보여주어 일관성 있는 결과를 나타낸다고 할 수 있었다. 이러한 본 연구의 발견은 규제기관과 학계, 실무계와 투자자들에게 유용한 많은 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

Abstract

This study investigates the relation between the wedge of the difference between voting rights and cash flow rights of the controlling shareholders of a firm and the degree of conservatism in the financial reporting. The Korean corporate governance mechanism has two peculiar characteristics - pyramidal structure and circular shareholdings. More specifically, many Korean large conglomerates are widely criticized for having only a few cash flow rights, but exert far greater voting rights through the pyramidal structure and circular shareholdings. As a result, the controlling shareholders typically have more voting rights than cash flow rights, which enables controlling shareholders exert greater control than they deserves over the firm. Thus, controlling shareholders have incentives to transfer the firms' wealth for the personal gains by sacrificing the interests of the minority shareholders. This possibility for the expropriation of the minority shareholders' interest is a great concern in prior research on corporate governance in finance. However, these phenomena are not frequently investigated in accounting research area. This study is intended to fill this gap and expected to provide various valuable insights into the behavior of controlling shareholders when there exists the wedge. If this possibility is true, the degree of financial reporting conservatism could decrease as the wedge increases. It is because the controlling shareholders would like to choose less conservative accounting methods in order to expropriate the wealth of minority shareholders. We examine this prediction by using Korean data collected over 2003-2005 period. The degree of financial reporting conservatism is measured by the speed that the stock return reflects economic losses versus economic gains. The measure is first developed by Basu (1997) and further extended by Ball and Shivakumar (2006). The conservative accounting method choice by firms could increase the efficiency of contracting and decrease the riskiness for individual investors. This conservatism measure is different from discretionary accruals widely used in many accounting studies and reflect broader level of financial reporting system quality. The empirical results strongly support the predictions. First, the wedge is negatively associated with the degree of conservatism. The results suggest that the impaired corporate governance mechanism deteriorates the quality of financial reporting, by allowing more aggressive financial reporting. Second, these results are consistent in various sensitivity analyses, suggesting that the robustness of our findings. Third, we perform regression analyses after replacing the wedge variable with only cash flow right (voting right) variable. We find that voting right is negatively associated with the degree of conservatism, whereas the cash flow right is positively associated with the degree of conservatism. These findings confirms the findings in the main analyses. In summary, these findings are interesting and contribute the regulators, academics, practitioners as well as current and potential future investors in various ways.

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