시장진입장벽의 발생원인에 관한 고찰
A Study on the Origin of Market Entry Barriers
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진입장벽의 발생원천을 시장구조적 원인과 지배적 사업자의 행태로 나누어서 검토하였다. 진입장벽은 기존사업자와 잠재적 진입자간의 두 가지 유형의 非對稱에 의해서 생기는 것이라고 본다. 즉, 신규진입자에 대한 기존사업자의 絶對的 優位와 戰略的 優位의 두 가지가 진입장벽의 발생 원천이 된다. 기존사업자의 절대적 우위는 잠재적 진입자에게 동등한 조건이 부인되는 어떤 생산요소에 대한 기존사업자의 접근을 의미한다. 전략적 우위는 埋沒費用과 先發者의 利點으로부터 전형적으로 생기는 것이다. 절대적 비용우위나 자본소요량은 그 자체가 부당한 진입장벽은 아니지만 이런 것들을 지배적 사업자가 수단으로 하여 부당한 장벽을 만들어낼 수 있다. 행태적 장벽(전략적 장벽)도 일정한 요건이 충족되는 경우에는 신규진입을 억제하는 수단으로 이용될 수 있다. 구조적 장벽이나 전략적 장벽이 존재하지 아니하게 될 때에 준경쟁시장 혹은 경합시장(contestable market)이 달성될 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper discusses where market entry barriers originate from. Entry barriers are traced through intrinsic market structures and behaviors of market-dominating enterprises. Entry barriers start from two types of disparity existing in market: advantages, absolute and strategic, that incumbents possess over potential entrants. Absolute advantage means a right to access to some production elements which a potential entrant is denied but should be equally entitled to. Strategic advantage typically arises from sunk costs and first-mover advantages. An enterpriser dominating in market can build up entry barriers taking advantage of absolute cost advantages and capital requirements, which themselves contain no notion of unfair means. Behavioral barriers may also meet certain requirements to be used as a means to check new entrants. It is not until structural barriers or strategic barriers cease to exist when semi-competitive markets or contestable markets will be established. Predatory pricing, tying arrangements, and exclusive dealings must be investigated, not only for their unfairness in the corresponding markets, but also for their influence on instituting entry barriers, which will conclude whether vertical actions in predatory intentions have contributed to creating a new market entry barrier and maintaining it thereafter. Market entry barriers are a premise to formation and continuation of monopoly. The market would handle itself were it not for its entry barriers, and in the long run competition laws of any sorts would find no room to intervene in it. Market entry barriers are related to what Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act (1980) set out to realize, i.e., prohibition on the abuse of market dominance, restriction on the combination of enterprises, prohibition on improper cartels, and prohibition on unfair business practices. Various market entry barriers should be treated each with individual market conditions taken into account to reveal a more effective idea on market powers.
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