국내외 흰개미 방제 기술의 발달 과정과목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해 저감을 위한 방안
A History of Termite Control and Improvements to Prevent Termites in Wooden Architectural Heritage
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이 논문에서는 흰개미 방제의 발달 과정과 최근 연구 동향, 국내 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해 현황과 조사 및방제 등을 살펴보고 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해 예방을 위한 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 목재는 건축 재료로 다양한 장점이 있어 우리나라에서도 다수의 목조건축문화재가 남아 있다. 목조건축문화재의 다양한 손상 요인 중 흰개미에 의한 피해가 다수 확인되고 있으며, 우리나라에서 확인된 3종의 흰개미 중 Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis가전국적으로 서식하며 목조건축문화재를 가해한다. 흰개미 방제의 발달 과정을 1900년대 초반부터 살펴보면 이 시기에는 비소 등 무기살충제가 주로 사용되다가1940년대 유기염소계 살충제가 개발되어 흰개미 방제에도 사용되었다. 이후 이 약제들의 인축과 환경에 대한 독성이알려짐에 따라 1960년대 유기인계 살충제, 1970년대 카바메이트계 살충제, 1980년대 피레스로이드계 살충제와 곤충생장 조절제, 1990년대 페닐피라졸계 살충제, 네오니코티네이드계 살충제 등이 개발되어 흰개미 방제에 사용되었다. 이와 별도로 흰개미의 생태적 특징을 이용한 흰개미 군체 제거제가 1990년대 개발되어 상용화되었으며, 특히 키틴 합성 저해제가 널리 사용되고 있다. 2000년대 이후에는 살충제를 이용한 토양 처리와 군체 제거제의 특성을 규명하고 효율성을 향상시키거나, 새로운 제형의 약제를 개발하거나, 종합적 유해 생물 관리(IPM) 개념을 차용한 통합적 흰개미 관리(ITM)을 적용하거나, 개별 건물이 아닌 목조건축물군을 보호하는 방향으로 흰개미 방제 연구가 수행되고 있다. 국내 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해는 1980년대부터 발견되기 시작하였으며 1990년대 후반 유네스코 세계유산인 종묘 정전, 해인사 장경판전 주변에서 흰개미 피해가 확인되어 관심을 받게 되었다. 이후 지정문화재를 중심으로흰개미 피해 현황이 조사되었으며 2010년대에는 국립문화재연구소와 문화재돌봄사업단이 지정문화재를 중심으로정기적인 흰개미 피해 조사를 수행하고 있다. 목조건축문화재의 흰개미 피해를 줄이기 위한 방안으로 피해 건물의 긴급 방제 실시, 다양한 토양 처리법의 선택적 적용, 건물 기단 상면의 토양 처리 실시, 고내구성 흰개미 군체 제거제의 개발과 적용, 다수의 목조건축물을 포괄하는 방제 계획의 수립과 시행, 통합적 흰개미 관리(ITM)의 문화재 적용, 문화재 소유자와 관리자에 대한 교육 등을 제안하였다.
Abstract
Termites are important decomposers in the ecosystem. They are also economically significant structural pests. Inthis study, we reviewed the developments of termite control and recent research on termite management to provideinformation on the prevention and control of termites. In Korea, most of the damage to wooden historical buildingsis caused by subterranean termites. Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis is the main species, which is widely foundthroughout the country. In the early 1900s, inorganic insecticides, such as arsenic dust, were used for termite control. After the synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide in the 1940s, it was widely utilized and demonstrated hightermite control efficacy. However, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were later banned, disappearing from marketsafter reports emerged concerning environmental contamination and toxicity to humans. Therefore, the termitecontrol industry sought a new termiticide; hence many pesticides were utilized for termite control. Organophosphate(1960s), carbamate (1970s), pyrethroid, and insect growth inhibitor (1980s) were newly synthesized and adopted. In the 1990s, the first commercial baits using chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) were developed, providing a means toeliminate an entire colony of subterranean termites around a structure. Many studies have been carried out on soiltermiticides (liquid termiticides) and CSI baits to increase their efficacy, and different baits such as aboveground baitstations, fluid bait, and high-durability bait were also developed in the 2000s. In addition, the paradigm of termitecontrol has shifted from localized treatments using soil termiticides to area-wide pest management using CSI baitsto create termite-free zones and protect buildings over time. Termite infestations in wooden historical buildings inKorea have been reported since 1980, and considerable attention was drawn in the 1990s when several UNESCOworld heritages such as the Jongmyo Shrine and the Janggyeong Panjeon Depositories of Haeinsa Temple wereinfested by subterranean termites. Since then, a survey of termite infestation in wooden architectural heritage hasbeen conducted, and the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Heritage Care Program regularlymonitors those properties. Finally, we suggest termite management using primarily CSI baits, selective applicationof various soil treatments applied to the object, foundation soil treatment, research and development of durabletermite baits, application of area-wide programs for wooden-building complexes, application of integrated termite
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