과거와 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론의 발달과 집행기능
Preschool Children’s Reasoning about the Temporal Order of Past and Future Events and Executive Function
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3세, 4세, 5세 유아 90명을 대상으로 과거와 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론이 어떻게 발달하며, 이런 발달이 집행기능과 관계가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 과거와 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 시간적 인과추론 과제와 사건순서 과제로 측정하였다. 집행기능의 세 요소인 억제통제, 작업기억, 전환능력을 각각 낮-밤 과제, 8개 상자 과제와 차원변경카드분류 과제로 측정하였다. 첫째, 시간적 인과추론 과제에서 과거사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 3세부터 가능하였고, 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 5세에야 가능해졌다. 둘째, 사건순서 과제에서는 과거사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 5세에도 어려웠고, 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 5세가 되어서야 가능했다. 셋째, 두 과제 모두에서 과거와 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 서로 관련이 없었다. 넷째, 과거사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 집행기능 가운데 전환능력과 유의한 정적 상관으로 보였으나, 미래사건의 순서에 대한 추론은 집행기능의 어떤 하위요소와도 상관을 보이지 않았다.
Abstract
This study investigated the development of children’s reasoning about the temporal order of past and future events and its relationship to the executive function. Ninety 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were given two reasoning tasks and three tasks that measured three aspects of executive function: inhibitory control, working memory and switching. 1) For the temporal-reasoning task, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children succeeded in the task that involved reasoning about the order of past events; whereas only 5-year-old children were successful in the future reasoning task. 2) For the event order tasks, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children did not succeed in the past events task, and only 5-year-old children succeeded in the future task. 3) Children’s performance in tasks that involved future events were not related to their performance in tasks that involved past events in both reasoning tasks. 4) Reasoning about the temporal order of past events indicated a significant positive relationship to switching, even when age and comprehension of the word ‘before’ and ‘after’ were taken into account. On the contrary, reasoning about future events was related to none of the three aspects of executive function.
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