타인의 정보에 대한 유아의 편향적 신뢰 극복과 실행기능의 관계
Overcoming Young Children’s Trust Bias for Information from Others and Its Relation to Executive Function
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연구목적: 본 연구는 정보 제공자가 유아의 직접적 경험에 상충하는 틀린 정보를 주는 상황에서 유아가 어떻게 판단을 내리는지에 대해 알아보고, 이러한 판단에 영향을 미치는 변인에 대해 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 연구방법: 만 3-6세 유아(N = 88)들은 연구자와의 일대일 면담에서 투명관을 통해 물체가 어디로 떨어지는지 관찰하였다. 그 후, 물체가 떨어진 위치에 대해 연구자가 이야기하는 틀린 정보를 들은 후 물체가 어디로 떨어졌을지에 대해 추론하였다. 또한 유아의 추론에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변인으로서 유아의 인지적 억제, 인지적 유연성, 거짓말 인식 수준을 측정하였다. 연구결과: 연구자가 유아의 직접적인 관찰에 반하는 틀린 정보를 반복해서 주었음에도 만 3세 유아들은 연구자에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 유지하였던 반면, 만 4세 이상의 유아들은 연구자가 틀린 정보를 준다는 것을 확인한 이후에는 본인이 본 것을 토대로 정확한 판단을 내릴 수 있었다. 또한 연령에 의한 효과를 통제한 후에는 인지적 유연성이 높을수록 타인에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 극복하고 합리적 판단을 내리는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 유아기에 아동이 타인의 증언에 대한 편향적 신뢰를 극복함에 따라 합리적 판단 능력이 향상되는 것으로 보이며, 실행기능 중 특히 인지적 유연성이 이러한 발달에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
Objective: The current study investigated how young children judge another person’s misleading information against their own experience, and what factors influence the children’s inferences. Methods: In one-on-one interviews with a researcher, 88 children (3-6 years) observed an object being dropped through one of three transparent tubes. After hearing the researcher’s misleading information about where the object had fallen, the children made inferences about its location. Children’s cognitive inhibition, flexibility, and recognition of lies were also assessed. Results: The 3-year-olds trusted the researcher’s misleading information even after confirming that her information provided was false. Conversely, children aged four years and above ignored the misleading information and made accurate inferences based on their own observations. The children’s cognitive flexibility predicted accurate inferences, even with age control. Conclusions: In early childhood children come to overcome trust bias towards information from others, and their reasonable inferences increase. Executive function, particularly cognitive flexibility, may play an important role in the development of reasonable judgment.
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